@article {RN246,
	title = {Subpolar North Atlantic western boundary density anomalies and the Meridional Overturning Circulation},
	journal = {Nature Communications},
	volume = {12},
	number = {1},
	year = {2021},
	pages = {3002},
	type = {Journal Article},
	abstract = {Changes in the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation, which have the potential to drive societally-important climate impacts, have traditionally been linked to the strength of deep water formation in the subpolar North Atlantic. Yet there is neither clear observational evidence nor agreement among models about how changes in deep water formation influence overturning. Here, we use data from a trans-basin mooring array (OSNAP{\textemdash}Overturning in the Subpolar North Atlantic Program) to show that winter convection during 2014{\textendash}2018 in the interior basin had minimal impact on density changes in the deep western boundary currents in the subpolar basins. Contrary to previous modeling studies, we find no discernable relationship between western boundary changes and subpolar overturning variability over the observational time scales. Our results require a reconsideration of the notion of deep western boundary changes representing overturning characteristics, with implications for constraining the source of overturning variability within and downstream of the subpolar region.},
	doi = {10.1038/s41467-021-23350-2},
	url = {https://app.dimensions.ai/details/publication/pub.1138293382 https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-021-23350-2.pdf},
	author = {Li, F. and Lozier, M. S. and Bacon, S. and Bower, A. S. and Cunningham, S. A. and de Jong, M. F. and deYoung, B. and Fraser, N. and Fried, N. and Han, G. and Holliday, N. P. and Holte, J. and Houpert, L. and Inall, M. E. and Johns, W. E. and Jones, S. and Johnson, C. and Karstensen, J. and Le Bras, I. A. and Lherminier, P. and Lin, X. and Mercier, H. and Oltmanns, M. and Pacini, A. and Petit, T. and Pickart, R. S. and Rayner, D. and Straneo, F. and Thierry, V. and Visbeck, M. and Yashayaev, I. and Zhou, C.}
}
@article {RN71,
	title = {A sea change in our view of overturning in the subpolar North Atlantic},
	journal = {Science},
	volume = {363},
	number = {6426},
	year = {2019},
	pages = {516},
	type = {Journal Article},
	abstract = {To provide an observational basis for the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change projections of a slowing Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (MOC) in the 21st century, the Overturning in the Subpolar North Atlantic Program (OSNAP) observing system was launched in the summer of 2014. The first 21-month record reveals a highly variable overturning circulation responsible for the majority of the heat and freshwater transport across the OSNAP line. In a departure from the prevailing view that changes in deep water formation in the Labrador Sea dominate MOC variability, these results suggest that the conversion of warm, salty, shallow Atlantic waters into colder, fresher, deep waters that move southward in the Irminger and Iceland basins is largely responsible for overturning and its variability in the subpolar basin.},
	doi = {10.1126/science.aau6592},
	url = {http://science.sciencemag.org/content/363/6426/516.abstract},
	author = {Lozier, M. S. and Li, F. and Bacon, S. and Bahr, F. and Bower, A. S. and Cunningham, S. A. and de Jong, M. F. and de Steur, L. and deYoung, B. and Fischer, J. and Gary, S. F. and Greenan, B. J. W. and Holliday, N. P. and Houk, A. and Houpert, L. and Inall, M. E. and Johns, W. E. and Johnson, H. L. and Johnson, C. and Karstensen, J. and Koman, G. and Le Bras, I. A. and Lin, X. and Mackay, N. and Marshall, D. P. and Mercier, H. and Oltmanns, M. and Pickart, R. S. and Ramsey, A. L. and Rayner, D. and Straneo, F. and Thierry, V. and Torres, D. J. and Williams, R. G. and Wilson, C. and Yang, J. and Yashayaev, I. and Zhao, J.}
}
@article {RN41,
	title = {Increased risk of a shutdown of ocean convection posed by warm North Atlantic summers},
	journal = {Nature Climate Change},
	volume = {8},
	number = {4},
	year = {2018},
	pages = {300-+},
	type = {Journal Article},
	abstract = {A shutdown of ocean convection in the subpolar North Atlantic, triggered by enhanced melting over Greenland, is regarded as a potential transition point into a fundamentally different climate regime1,2,3. Noting that a key uncertainty for future convection resides in the relative importance of melting in summer and atmospheric forcing in winter, we investigate the extent to which summer conditions constrain convection with a comprehensive dataset, including hydrographic records that are over a decade in length from the convection regions. We find that warm and fresh summers, characterized by increased sea surface temperatures, freshwater concentrations and melting, are accompanied by reduced heat and buoyancy losses in winter, which entail a longer persistence of the freshwater near the surface and contribute to delaying convection. By shortening the time span for the convective freshwater export, the identified seasonal dynamics introduce a potentially critical threshold that is crossed when substantial amounts of freshwater from one summer are carried over into the next and accumulate. Warm and fresh summers in the Irminger Sea are followed by particularly short convection periods. We estimate that in the winter 2010{\textendash}2011, after the warmest and freshest Irminger Sea summer on our record, ~40\% of the surface freshwater was retained.

},
	issn = {1758-678x},
	doi = {10.1038/s41558-018-0105-1},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:000429194600015},
	author = {Oltmanns, M. and Karstensen, J. and Fischer, J.}
}
