@article {RN246,
	title = {Subpolar North Atlantic western boundary density anomalies and the Meridional Overturning Circulation},
	journal = {Nature Communications},
	volume = {12},
	number = {1},
	year = {2021},
	pages = {3002},
	type = {Journal Article},
	abstract = {Changes in the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation, which have the potential to drive societally-important climate impacts, have traditionally been linked to the strength of deep water formation in the subpolar North Atlantic. Yet there is neither clear observational evidence nor agreement among models about how changes in deep water formation influence overturning. Here, we use data from a trans-basin mooring array (OSNAP{\textemdash}Overturning in the Subpolar North Atlantic Program) to show that winter convection during 2014{\textendash}2018 in the interior basin had minimal impact on density changes in the deep western boundary currents in the subpolar basins. Contrary to previous modeling studies, we find no discernable relationship between western boundary changes and subpolar overturning variability over the observational time scales. Our results require a reconsideration of the notion of deep western boundary changes representing overturning characteristics, with implications for constraining the source of overturning variability within and downstream of the subpolar region.},
	doi = {10.1038/s41467-021-23350-2},
	url = {https://app.dimensions.ai/details/publication/pub.1138293382 https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-021-23350-2.pdf},
	author = {Li, F. and Lozier, M. S. and Bacon, S. and Bower, A. S. and Cunningham, S. A. and de Jong, M. F. and deYoung, B. and Fraser, N. and Fried, N. and Han, G. and Holliday, N. P. and Holte, J. and Houpert, L. and Inall, M. E. and Johns, W. E. and Jones, S. and Johnson, C. and Karstensen, J. and Le Bras, I. A. and Lherminier, P. and Lin, X. and Mercier, H. and Oltmanns, M. and Pacini, A. and Petit, T. and Pickart, R. S. and Rayner, D. and Straneo, F. and Thierry, V. and Visbeck, M. and Yashayaev, I. and Zhou, C.}
}
@article {RN155,
	title = {Rapid Export of Waters Formed by Convection Near the Irminger Sea{\textquoteright}s Western Boundary},
	journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
	volume = {47},
	number = {3},
	year = {2020},
	type = {Journal Article},
	abstract = {The standard view of the overturning circulation emphasizes the role of convection, yet for waters to contribute to overturning, they must not only be transformed to higher densities but also exported equatorward. From novel mooring observations in the Irminger Sea (2014{\textendash}2016), we describe two water masses that are formed by convection and show that they have different rates of export in the western boundary current. Upper Irminger Sea Intermediate Water appears to form near the boundary current and is exported rapidly within 3 months of its formation. Deep Irminger Sea Intermediate Water forms in the basin interior and is exported on longer time scales. The subduction of these waters into the boundary current is consistent with an eddy transport mechanism. Our results suggest that light intermediate waters can contribute to overturning as much as waters formed by deeper convection and that the export time scales of both project onto overturning variability.},
	issn = {0094-8276},
	doi = {10.1029/2019GL085989},
	author = {Le Bras, I. A. A. and Straneo, F. and Holte, J. and de Jong, M. F. and Holliday, N. P.}
}
@article {RN71,
	title = {A sea change in our view of overturning in the subpolar North Atlantic},
	journal = {Science},
	volume = {363},
	number = {6426},
	year = {2019},
	pages = {516},
	type = {Journal Article},
	abstract = {To provide an observational basis for the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change projections of a slowing Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (MOC) in the 21st century, the Overturning in the Subpolar North Atlantic Program (OSNAP) observing system was launched in the summer of 2014. The first 21-month record reveals a highly variable overturning circulation responsible for the majority of the heat and freshwater transport across the OSNAP line. In a departure from the prevailing view that changes in deep water formation in the Labrador Sea dominate MOC variability, these results suggest that the conversion of warm, salty, shallow Atlantic waters into colder, fresher, deep waters that move southward in the Irminger and Iceland basins is largely responsible for overturning and its variability in the subpolar basin.},
	doi = {10.1126/science.aau6592},
	url = {http://science.sciencemag.org/content/363/6426/516.abstract},
	author = {Lozier, M. S. and Li, F. and Bacon, S. and Bahr, F. and Bower, A. S. and Cunningham, S. A. and de Jong, M. F. and de Steur, L. and deYoung, B. and Fischer, J. and Gary, S. F. and Greenan, B. J. W. and Holliday, N. P. and Houk, A. and Houpert, L. and Inall, M. E. and Johns, W. E. and Johnson, H. L. and Johnson, C. and Karstensen, J. and Koman, G. and Le Bras, I. A. and Lin, X. and Mackay, N. and Marshall, D. P. and Mercier, H. and Oltmanns, M. and Pickart, R. S. and Ramsey, A. L. and Rayner, D. and Straneo, F. and Thierry, V. and Torres, D. J. and Williams, R. G. and Wilson, C. and Yang, J. and Yashayaev, I. and Zhao, J.}
}
@article {RN99,
	title = {Transport Variability of the Irminger Sea Deep Western Boundary Current From a Mooring Array},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research-Oceans},
	volume = {124},
	number = {5},
	year = {2019},
	pages = {3246-3278},
	type = {Journal Article},
	abstract = {The Deep Western Boundary Current in the subpolar North Atlantic is the lower limb of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation and a key component of the global climate system. Here, a mooring array deployed at 60{\textdegree}N in the Irminger Sea, between 2014 and 2016, provides the longest continuous record of total Deep Western Boundary Current volume transport at this latitude. The 1.8-year averaged transport of water denser than σθ = 27.8 kg/m3 was -10.8 {\textpm} 4.9 Sv (mean {\textpm} 1 std; 1 Sv = 106 m3/s). Of this total, we find -4.1 {\textpm} 1.4 Sv within the densest layer (σθ > 27.88 kg/m3) that originated from the Denmark Strait Overflow. The lighter North East Atlantic Deep Water layer (σθ = 27.8{\textendash}27.88 kg/m3) carries -6.5 {\textpm} 7.7 Sv. The variability in transport ranges between 2 and 65 days. There is a distinct shift from high to low frequency with distance from the East Greenland slope. High-frequency fluctuations (2{\textendash}8 days) close to the continental slope are likely associated with topographic Rossby waves and/or cyclonic eddies. Here, perturbations in layer thickness make a significant (20{\textendash}60\%) contribution to transport variability. In deeper water, toward the center of the Irminger Basin, transport variance at 55 days dominates. Our results suggest that there has been a 1.8 Sv increase in total transport since 2005{\textendash}2006, but this difference can be accounted for by a range of methodological and data limitation biases},
	issn = {2169-9275},
	doi = {10.1029/2018JC014730},
	author = {Hopkins, J. E. and Holliday, N. P. and Rayner, D. and Houpert, L. and Le Bras, I. and Straneo, F. and Wilson, C. and Bacon, S.}
}
