@article {268,
	title = {Integrating Multidisciplinary Observations in Vent Environments (IMOVE): Decadal Progress in Deep-Sea Observatories at Hydrothermal Vents},
	journal = {Frontiers in Marine Science},
	volume = {9},
	year = {2022},
	month = {2022/05/13/},
	abstract = {The unique ecosystems and biodiversity associated with mid-ocean ridge (MOR) hydrothermal vent systems contrast sharply with surrounding deep-sea habitats, however both may be increasingly threatened by anthropogenic activity (e.g., mining activities at massive sulphide deposits). Climate change can alter the deep-sea through increased bottom temperatures, loss of oxygen, and modifications to deep water circulation. Despite the potential of these profound impacts, the mechanisms enabling these systems and their ecosystems to persist, function and respond to oceanic, crustal, and anthropogenic forces remain poorly understood. This is due primarily to technological challenges and difficulties in accessing, observing and monitoring the deep-sea. In this context, the development of deep-sea observatories in the 2000s focused on understanding the coupling between sub-surface flow and oceanic and crustal conditions, and how they influence biological processes. Deep-sea observatories provide long-term, multidisciplinary time-series data comprising repeated observations and sampling at temporal resolutions from seconds to decades, through a combination of cabled, wireless, remotely controlled, and autonomous measurement systems. The three existing vent observatories are located on the Juan de Fuca and Mid-Atlantic Ridges (Ocean Observing Initiative, Ocean Networks Canada and the European Multidisciplinary Seafloor and water column Observatory). These observatories promote stewardship by defining effective environmental monitoring including characterizing biological and environmental baseline states, discriminating changes from natural variations versus those from anthropogenic activities, and assessing degradation, resilience and recovery after disturbance. This highlights the potential of observatories as valuable tools for environmental impact assessment (EIA) in the context of climate change and other anthropogenic activities, primarily ocean mining. This paper provides a synthesis on scientific advancements enabled by the three observatories this last decade, and recommendations to support future studies through international collaboration and coordination. The proposed recommendations include: i) establishing common global scientific questions and identification of Essential Ocean Variables (EOVs) specific to MORs, ii) guidance towards the effective use of observatories to support and inform policies that can impact society, iii) strategies for observatory infrastructure development that will help standardize sensors, data formats and capabilities, and iv) future technology needs and common sampling approaches to answer today{\textquoteright}s most urgent and timely questions.},
	keywords = {COMMUNITY DYNAMICS},
	doi = {10.3389/fmars.2022.866422},
	author = {Matabos, Marjolaine and Barreyre, Thibaut and Juniper, S. Kim and Cannat, Mathilde and Kelley, Deborah and Alfaro-Lucas, Joan M. and Chavagnac, Valerie and Cola{\c c}o, Ana and Escartin, Javier and Escobar, Elva and Fornari, Daniel and Hasenclever, Jorg and Huber, Julie A. and Laes-Huon, Agathe and Lanteri, Nadine and Levin, Lisa Ann and Mihaly, Steve and Mittelstaedt, Eric and Pradillon, Florence and Sarradin, Pierre-Marie and Sarrazin, Jozee and Tomasi, Beatrice and Venkatesan, Ramasamy and Vic, Clement}
}
@article {nomikou_santory_2022,
	title = {SANTORY: SANTORini{\textquoteright}s Seafloor Volcanic ObservatorY},
	journal = {Frontiers in Marine Science},
	volume = {9},
	year = {2022},
	abstract = {Submarine hydrothermal systems along active volcanic ridges and arcs are highly dynamic, responding to both oceanographic (e.g., currents, tides) and deep-seated geological forcing (e.g., magma eruption, seismicity, hydrothermalism, and crustal deformation, etc.). In particular, volcanic and hydrothermal activity may also pose profoundly negative societal impacts (tsunamis, the release of climate-relevant gases and toxic metal(loid)s). These risks are particularly significant in shallow (<1000m) coastal environments, as demonstrated by the January 2022 submarine paroxysmal eruption by the Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha{\textquoteright}apai Volcano that destroyed part of the island, and the October 2011 submarine eruption of El Hierro (Canary Islands) that caused vigorous upwelling, floating lava bombs, and natural seawater acidification. Volcanic hazards may be posed by the Kolumbo submarine volcano, which is part of the subduction-related Hellenic Volcanic Arc at the intersection between the Eurasian and African tectonic plates. There, the Kolumbo submarine volcano, 7 km NE of Santorini and part of Santorini{\textquoteright}s volcanic complex, hosts an active hydrothermal vent field (HVF) on its crater floor (\textasciitilde500m b.s.l.), which degasses boiling CO2{\textendash}dominated fluids at high temperatures (\textasciitilde265{\textdegree}C) with a clear mantle signature. Kolumbo{\textquoteright}s HVF hosts actively forming seafloor massive sulfide deposits with high contents of potentially toxic, volatile metal(loid)s (As, Sb, Pb, Ag, Hg, and Tl). The proximity to highly populated/tourist areas at Santorini poses significant risks. However, we have limited knowledge of the potential impacts of this type of magmatic and hydrothermal activity, including those from magmatic gases and seismicity. To better evaluate such risks the activity of the submarine system must be continuously monitored with multidisciplinary and high resolution instrumentation as part of an in-situ observatory supported by discrete sampling and measurements. This paper is a design study that describes a new long-term seafloor observatory that will be installed within the Kolumbo volcano, including cutting-edge and innovative marine-technology that integrates hyperspectral imaging, temperature sensors, a radiation spectrometer, fluid/gas samplers, and pressure gauges. These instruments will be integrated into a hazard monitoring platform aimed at identifying the precursors of potentially disastrous explosive volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, landslides of the hydrothermally weakened volcanic edifice and the release of potentially toxic elements into the water column.},
	issn = {2296-7745},
	doi = {10.3389/fmars.2022.796376},
	url = {https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmars.2022.796376},
	author = {Nomikou, Paraskevi and Polymenakou, Paraskevi N. and Rizzo, Andrea Luca and Petersen, Sven and Hannington, Mark and Kilias, Stephanos Pantelis and Papanikolaou, Dimitris and Escartin, Javier and Karantzalos, Konstantinos and Mertzimekis, Theodoros J. and Antoniou, Varvara and Krokos, Mel and Grammatikopoulos, Lazaros and Italiano, Francesco and Caruso, Cinzia Giuseppina and Lazzaro, Gianluca and Longo, Manfredi and Scir{\'e} Scappuzzo, Sergio and D{\textquoteright}Alessandro, Walter and Grassa, Fausto and Bejelou, Konstantina and Lampridou, Danai and Katsigera, Anna and Dura, Anne}
}
