@article {268,
	title = {Integrating Multidisciplinary Observations in Vent Environments (IMOVE): Decadal Progress in Deep-Sea Observatories at Hydrothermal Vents},
	journal = {Frontiers in Marine Science},
	volume = {9},
	year = {2022},
	month = {2022/05/13/},
	abstract = {The unique ecosystems and biodiversity associated with mid-ocean ridge (MOR) hydrothermal vent systems contrast sharply with surrounding deep-sea habitats, however both may be increasingly threatened by anthropogenic activity (e.g., mining activities at massive sulphide deposits). Climate change can alter the deep-sea through increased bottom temperatures, loss of oxygen, and modifications to deep water circulation. Despite the potential of these profound impacts, the mechanisms enabling these systems and their ecosystems to persist, function and respond to oceanic, crustal, and anthropogenic forces remain poorly understood. This is due primarily to technological challenges and difficulties in accessing, observing and monitoring the deep-sea. In this context, the development of deep-sea observatories in the 2000s focused on understanding the coupling between sub-surface flow and oceanic and crustal conditions, and how they influence biological processes. Deep-sea observatories provide long-term, multidisciplinary time-series data comprising repeated observations and sampling at temporal resolutions from seconds to decades, through a combination of cabled, wireless, remotely controlled, and autonomous measurement systems. The three existing vent observatories are located on the Juan de Fuca and Mid-Atlantic Ridges (Ocean Observing Initiative, Ocean Networks Canada and the European Multidisciplinary Seafloor and water column Observatory). These observatories promote stewardship by defining effective environmental monitoring including characterizing biological and environmental baseline states, discriminating changes from natural variations versus those from anthropogenic activities, and assessing degradation, resilience and recovery after disturbance. This highlights the potential of observatories as valuable tools for environmental impact assessment (EIA) in the context of climate change and other anthropogenic activities, primarily ocean mining. This paper provides a synthesis on scientific advancements enabled by the three observatories this last decade, and recommendations to support future studies through international collaboration and coordination. The proposed recommendations include: i) establishing common global scientific questions and identification of Essential Ocean Variables (EOVs) specific to MORs, ii) guidance towards the effective use of observatories to support and inform policies that can impact society, iii) strategies for observatory infrastructure development that will help standardize sensors, data formats and capabilities, and iv) future technology needs and common sampling approaches to answer today{\textquoteright}s most urgent and timely questions.},
	keywords = {COMMUNITY DYNAMICS},
	doi = {10.3389/fmars.2022.866422},
	author = {Matabos, Marjolaine and Barreyre, Thibaut and Juniper, S. Kim and Cannat, Mathilde and Kelley, Deborah and Alfaro-Lucas, Joan M. and Chavagnac, Valerie and Cola{\c c}o, Ana and Escartin, Javier and Escobar, Elva and Fornari, Daniel and Hasenclever, Jorg and Huber, Julie A. and Laes-Huon, Agathe and Lanteri, Nadine and Levin, Lisa Ann and Mihaly, Steve and Mittelstaedt, Eric and Pradillon, Florence and Sarradin, Pierre-Marie and Sarrazin, Jozee and Tomasi, Beatrice and Venkatesan, Ramasamy and Vic, Clement}
}
@article {RN229,
	title = {Establishing a new era of submarine volcanic observatories: Cabling Axial Seamount and the Endeavour Segment of the Juan de Fuca Ridge},
	journal = {Marine Geology},
	volume = {352},
	year = {2014},
	pages = {426-450},
	type = {Journal Article},
	abstract = {At least 70\% of the volcanism on Earth occurs along the 65,000 km network of mid-ocean ridge (MOR) spreading centers. Within these dynamic environments, the highest fluxes of heat, chemicals, and biological material from the lithosphere to the hydrosphere occur during volcanic eruptions. However, because underwater volcanoes are difficult and expensive to access, researchers are rarely, if ever, in the right place at the right time to characterize these events. Therefore, our knowledge is limited about the linkages among hydrothermal, chemical and biological processes during seafloor formation and crustal evolution. To make significant advancements in understanding the evolution of MOR environments, the United States and Canada have invested in the first plate-scale submarine cabled observatory linked through the global Internet. Spanning the Juan de Fuca tectonic plate, these two networks include > 1700 km of cable and 14 subsea terminals that provide 8{\textendash}10 kW power and 10 Gbs communications to hundreds of instruments on the seafloor and throughout the overlying water column {\textemdash} resulting in a 24/7/365 presence in the oceans. Data and imagery are available in real- to near-real time.
The initial experimental sites for monitoring volcanic processes include the MOR volcanoes called Axial Seamount and the Endeavour Segment that are located on the Juan de Fuca Ridge. Axial, a hot-spot influenced seamount, is the most robust volcano along the ridge rising nearly 1400 m above the surrounding seafloor and it has erupted twice in the last 15 years. In contrast, the Endeavour Segment is characterized by more subdued topography with a well defined axial rift and it hosts one of the most intensely venting hydrothermal systems known. A non-eruptive spreading event lasting 6 years was documented at Endeavour between 1999 and 2005. Hydrothermal venting intensity, chemistry, and temperature, as well as associated biological communities at both sites were significantly perturbed by the magmatic and intrusive events. This paper presents the similarities and differences between the Axial and Endeavour volcanic systems and identifies reasons why they are ideal candidates for comparative studies. The U.S. has made a 25-year commitment for sustained observations using the cabled infrastructure. The highly expandable nature of submarine optical networking will allow for the future addition of novel experiments that utilize ever evolving advancements in computer sciences, robotics, genomics and sensor miniaturization. Comprehensive modeling of the myriad processes involved will continue to assimilate and integrate growing databases yielding a new understanding of integrated processes that create the seafloor in the global ocean basins.

},
	keywords = {axial seamount, cabled observatories, Endeavour Segment, hydrothermal vents, Juan de Fuca ridge, submarine volcanoes},
	issn = {0025-3227},
	doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.margeo.2014.03.010},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0025322714000723},
	author = {Kelley, Deborah S. and Delaney, John R. and Juniper, S. Kim}
}
