@article {meijers_finale_2023,
	title = {Finale: impact of the ORCHESTRA/ENCORE programmes on Southern Ocean heat and carbon understanding},
	journal = {Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences},
	volume = {381},
	number = {2249},
	year = {2023},
	note = {Publisher: Royal Society},
	month = {may},
	pages = {20220070},
	abstract = {The 5-year Ocean Regulation of Climate by Heat and Carbon Sequestration and Transports (ORCHESTRA) programme and its 1-year extension ENCORE (ENCORE is the National Capability ORCHESTRA Extension) was an approximately 11-million-pound programme involving seven UK research centres that finished in March 2022. The project sought to radically improve our ability to measure, understand and predict the exchange, storage and export of heat and carbon by the Southern Ocean. It achieved this through a series of milestone observational campaigns in combination with model development and analysis. Twelve cruises in the Weddell Sea and South Atlantic were undertaken, along with mooring, glider and profiler deployments and aircraft missions, all contributing to measurements of internal ocean and air{\textendash}sea heat and carbon fluxes. Numerous forward and adjoint numerical experiments were developed and supported by the analysis of coupled climate models. The programme has resulted in over 100 peer-reviewed publications to date as well as significant impacts on climate assessments and policy and science coordination groups. Here, we summarize the research highlights of the programme and assess the progress achieved by ORCHESTRA/ENCORE and the questions it raises for the future. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue {\textquoteleft}Heat and carbon uptake in the Southern Ocean: the state of the art and future priorities{\textquoteright}.},
	keywords = {climate, ocean carbon, ocean circulation, ocean heat, ocean{\textendash}atmosphere fluxes, Southern Ocean},
	doi = {10.1098/rsta.2022.0070},
	url = {https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/full/10.1098/rsta.2022.0070},
	author = {Meijers, Andrew J. S. and Meredith, Michael P. and Shuckburgh, Emily F. and Kent, Elizabeth C. and Munday, David R. and Firing, Yvonne L. and King, Brian and Smyth, Tim J. and Leng, Melanie J. and George Nurser, A. J. and Hewitt, Helene T. and Povl Abrahamsen, E. and Weiss, Alexandra and Yang, Mingxi and Bell, Thomas G. and Alexander Brearley, J. and Boland, Emma J. D. and Jones, Daniel C. and Josey, Simon A. and Owen, Robyn P. and Grist, Jeremy P. and Blaker, Adam T. and Biri, Stavroula and Yelland, Margaret J. and Pimm, Ciara and Zhou, Shenjie and Harle, James and Cornes, Richard C.}
}
@article {RN110,
	title = {SMART Cables for Observing the Global Ocean: Science and Implementation},
	journal = {Frontiers in Marine Science},
	volume = {6},
	year = {2019},
	pages = {424},
	type = {Journal Article},
	abstract = {The ocean is key to understanding societal threats including climate change, sea level rise, ocean warming, tsunamis, and earthquakes. Because the ocean is difficult and costly to monitor, we lack fundamental data needed to adequately model, understand, and address these threats. One solution is to integrate sensors into future undersea telecommunications cables. This is the mission of the SMART subsea cables initiative (Science Monitoring And Reliable Telecommunications). SMART sensors would {\textquotedblleft}piggyback{\textquotedblright} on the power and communications infrastructure of a million kilometers of undersea fiber optic cable and thousands of repeaters, creating the potential for seafloor-based global ocean observing at a modest incremental cost. Initial sensors would measure temperature, pressure, and seismic acceleration. The resulting data would address two critical scientific and societal issues: the long-term need for sustained climate-quality data from the under-sampled ocean (e.g., deep ocean temperature, sea level, and circulation), and the near-term need for improvements to global tsunami warning networks. A Joint Task Force (JTF) led by three UN agencies (ITU/WMO/UNESCO-IOC) is working to bring this initiative to fruition. This paper explores the ocean science and early warning improvements available from SMART cable data, and the societal, technological, and financial elements of realizing such a global network. Simulations show that deep ocean temperature and pressure measurements can improve estimates of ocean circulation and heat content, and cable-based pressure and seismic-acceleration sensors can improve tsunami warning times and earthquake parameters. The technology of integrating these sensors into fiber optic cables is discussed, addressing sea and land-based elements plus delivery of real-time open data products to end users. The science and business case for SMART cables is evaluated. SMART cables have been endorsed by major ocean science organizations, and JTF is working with cable suppliers and sponsors, multilateral development banks and end users to incorporate SMART capabilities into future cable projects. By investing now, we can build up a global ocean network of long-lived SMART cable sensors, creating a transformative addition to the Global Ocean Observing System.

},
	keywords = {ocean cabled observatories, ocean circulation, ocean observing, SMART subsea cables, submarine telecommunications cables, tsunami early warning, UN Joint Task Force},
	issn = {2296-7745},
	doi = {10.3389/fmars.2019.00424},
	url = {https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fmars.2019.00424},
	author = {Howe, Bruce M. and Arbic, Brian K. and Aucan, J{\'e}rome and Barnes, Christopher R. and Bayliff, Nigel and Becker, Nathan and Butler, Rhett and Doyle, Laurie and Elipot, Shane and Johnson, Gregory C. and Landerer, Felix and Lentz, Stephen and Luther, Douglas S. and M{\"u}ller, Malte and Mariano, John and Panayotou, Kate and Rowe, Charlotte and Ota, Hiroshi and Song, Y. Tony and Thomas, Maik and Thomas, Preston N. and Thompson, Philip and Tilmann, Frederik and Weber, Tobias and Weinstein, Stuart}
}
