@article {bruciaferri_localized_2024,
	title = {Localized General Vertical Coordinates for Quasi-Eulerian Ocean Models: The Nordic Overflows Test-Case},
	journal = {Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems},
	volume = {16},
	number = {3},
	year = {2024},
	note = {_eprint: https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1029/2023MS003893},
	pages = {e2023MS003893},
	abstract = {A generalized methodology to deploy different types of vertical coordinate system in arbitrarily defined time-invariant local areas of quasi-Eulerian numerical ocean models is presented. After detailing its characteristics, we show how the general localization method can be used to improve the representation of the Nordic Seas overflows in the UK Met Office NEMO-based eddy-permitting global ocean configuration. Three z*-levels with partial steps configurations localizing different types of hybrid geopotential/terrain-following vertical coordinates in the proximity of the Greenland-Scotland ridge are implemented and compared against a control configuration. Experiments include a series of idealized and realistic numerical simulations where the skill of the models in computing pressure forces, reducing spurious diapycnal mixing and reproducing observed properties of the Nordic Seas overflows are assessed. Numerical results prove that the localization approach proposed here can be successfully used to embed terrain-following levels in a global geopotential levels-based configuration, provided that the localized vertical coordinate chosen is flexible enough to allow a smooth transition between the two. In addition, our experiments show that deploying localized terrain-following levels via the multi-envelope method allows the crucial reduction of spurious cross-isopycnal mixing when modeling bottom intensified buoyancy driven currents, significantly improving the realism of the Nordic Seas overflows simulations in comparison to the other configurations. Important hydrographic biases are found to similarly affect all the realistic experiments and a discussion on how their interaction with the type of localized vertical coordinate affects the realism of the simulated overflows is provided.},
	keywords = {Nordic overflows, ocean modeling, vertical coordinates},
	issn = {1942-2466},
	doi = {10.1029/2023MS003893},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1029/2023MS003893},
	author = {Bruciaferri, Diego and Guiavarc{\textquoteright}h, Catherine and Hewitt, Helene T. and Harle, James and Almansi, Mattia and Mathiot, Pierre and Colombo, Pedro}
}
@article {morrison_mechanisms_2023,
	title = {Mechanisms of Heat Flux Across the Southern Greenland Continental Shelf in 1/10{\textdegree} and 1/12{\textdegree} Ocean/Sea Ice Simulations},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans},
	volume = {128},
	number = {2},
	year = {2023},
	note = {_eprint: https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1029/2022JC019021},
	pages = {e2022JC019021},
	abstract = {The presence of warm Atlantic water on the Greenland continental shelf has been connected to the accelerated melting of the Greenland Ice Sheet, particularly in the southwest and southeast shelf regions. Results from two high-resolution coupled ocean-sea ice simulations that utilized either the 1/10{\textdegree} Parallel Ocean Program (POP) or the 1/12{\textdegree} HYbrid Coordinate Ocean Model (HYCOM) are used to understand the flux of heat on and off the southern Greenland shelf. The analysis reveals that the region of greatest heat flux onto the shelf is southeast Greenland. On the southwestern shelf, heat is mainly exported from the shelf to the interior basins. We identify differences in the shelf break current structure and on-shelf heat content between the two simulations. Just south of the Denmark Strait, there is a seasonally persistent pattern of multi-day variability in the cross-shelf heat flux in both simulations. In the POP simulation, this high-frequency signal results in net on-shore heat flux. In the HYCOM simulation, the signal is weaker and results in net off-shelf heat flux. This variability is consistent with Denmark Strait Overflow eddies traveling along the shelf break.},
	keywords = {continental shelf, ice-sheet ocean interactions, ocean modeling},
	issn = {2169-9291},
	doi = {10.1029/2022JC019021},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1029/2022JC019021},
	author = {Morrison, Theresa J. and Dukhovskoy, Dmitry S. and McClean, Julie L. and Gille, Sarah T. and Chassignet, Eric P.}
}
@article {RN111,
	title = {Polar Ocean Observations: A Critical Gap in the Observing System and Its Effect on Environmental Predictions From Hours to a Season},
	journal = {Frontiers in Marine Science},
	volume = {6},
	year = {2019},
	pages = {429},
	type = {Journal Article},
	abstract = {There is a growing need for operational oceanographic predictions in both the Arctic and Antarctic polar regions. In the former, this is driven by a declining ice cover accompanied by an increase in maritime traffic and exploitation of marine resources. Oceanographic predictions in the Antarctic are also important, both to support Antarctic operations and also to help elucidate processes governing sea ice and ice shelf stability. However, a significant gap exists in the ocean observing system in polar regions, compared to most areas of the global ocean, hindering the reliability of ocean and sea ice forecasts. This gap can also be seen from the spread in ocean and sea ice reanalyses for polar regions which provide an estimate of their uncertainty. The reduced reliability of polar predictions may affect the quality of various applications including search and rescue, coupling with numerical weather and seasonal predictions, historical reconstructions (reanalysis), aquaculture and environmental management including environmental emergency response. Here, we outline the status of existing near-real time ocean observational efforts in polar regions, discuss gaps, and explore perspectives for the future. Specific recommendations include a renewed call for open access to data, especially real-time data, as a critical capability for improved sea ice and weather forecasting and other environmental prediction needs. Dedicated efforts are also needed to make use of additional observations made as part of the Year of Polar Prediction (YOPP; 2017{\textendash}2019) to inform optimal observing system design. To provide a polar extension to the Argo network, it is recommended that a network of ice-borne sea ice and upper-ocean observing buoys be deployed and supported operationally in ice-covered areas together with autonomous profiling floats and gliders (potentially with ice detection capability) in seasonally ice covered seas. Finally, additional efforts to better measure and parameterize surface exchanges in polar regions are much needed to improve coupled environmental prediction.},
	keywords = {air-sea-ice fluxes, forecasting, ocean data assimilation, ocean modeling, operational oceanography, polar observations, sea ice, YOPP},
	issn = {2296-7745},
	doi = {10.3389/fmars.2019.00429},
	url = {https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fmars.2019.00429},
	author = {Smith, Gregory C. and Allard, Richard and Babin, Marcel and Bertino, Laurent and Chevallier, Matthieu and Corlett, Gary and Crout, Julia and Davidson, Fraser and Delille, Bruno and Gille, Sarah T. and Hebert, David and Hyder, Patrick and Intrieri, Janet and Lagunas, Jos{\'e} and Larnicol, Gilles and Kaminski, Thomas and Kater, Belinda and Kauker, Frank and Marec, Claudie and Mazloff, Matthew and Metzger, E. Joseph and Mordy, Calvin and O{\textquoteright}Carroll, Anne and Olsen, Steffen M. and Phelps, Michael and Posey, Pamela and Prandi, Pierre and Rehm, Eric and Reid, Phillip and Rigor, Ignatius and Sandven, Stein and Shupe, Matthew and Swart, Sebastiaan and Smedstad, Ole Martin and Solomon, Amy and Storto, Andrea and Thibaut, Pierre and Toole, John and Wood, Kevin and Xie, Jiping and Yang, Qinghua and Group, the Wwrp P. P. P. Steering}
}
