@article {tang_review_2024,
	title = {A review of global products of air-sea turbulent heat flux: accuracy, mean, variability, and trend},
	journal = {Earth-Science Reviews},
	volume = {249},
	year = {2024},
	pages = {104662},
	abstract = {Air-sea turbulent heat flux is vital to the exchange of global water and energy between the atmosphere and the Earth{\textquoteright}s surface and is essential for understanding Earth-climate mutual feedback. In this paper, we comprehensively review the accuracy and spatiotemporal patterns of 15 global products of air-sea turbulent heat flux from 1988 to 2020. Compared to observations at 139 buoys, all the products overestimate monthly latent heat flux (LHF) and most products overestimate sensible heat flux (SHF), with higher correlation coefficients found for LHF than for SHF. Compared to the reanalysis-based and in situ-based products, the remote sensing-based, machine learning-based, and hybrid-based monthly LHF products are generally more consistent with the buoy observations. The annual mean LHF and SHF values vary greatly between 75 and 115~W/m2 and between 0 and 25~W/m2, respectively. Different products have similar spatial patterns of annual means and interannual variabilities of LHF and SHF in most ocean areas but they have very different magnitudes. Most products show consistent annual trends in LHF and consistent but overall weaker annual trends in SHF, except for in the areas around and beyond 45{\textdegree}S, where larger discrepancies in annual SHF trends are observed. Analogous unimodal shapes of monthly SHF frequency curves from the 15 products are shown in all oceans, but for the monthly LHF frequency curves, both unimodal and bimodal shapes are shown. Seasonal LHF and SHF values are higher (lower) in December{\textendash}January-February than in June{\textendash}July-August in the Northern (Southern) Hemisphere. The interseasonal variations in LHF and SHF are more pronounced in the Northern Hemisphere than in the Southern Hemisphere. This review could benefit the algorithm development and improvement of air-sea turbulent heat flux products, provide insightful scientific guidance for selecting flux products for different applications, and characterize the advances in the global datasets of air-sea turbulent heat flux.},
	keywords = {Air-sea turbulent heat flux, latent heat flux, Sensible heat flux, Trend, Variability},
	issn = {0012-8252},
	doi = {10.1016/j.earscirev.2023.104662},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0012825223003513},
	author = {Tang, Ronglin and Wang, Yizhe and Jiang, Yazhen and Liu, Meng and Peng, Zhong and Hu, Yongxin and Huang, Lingxiao and Li, Zhao-Liang}
}
@article {RN109,
	title = {Air-Sea Fluxes With a Focus on Heat and Momentum},
	journal = {Frontiers in Marine Science},
	volume = {6},
	year = {2019},
	pages = {430},
	type = {Journal Article},
	abstract = {Turbulent and radiative exchanges of heat between the ocean and atmosphere (hereafter heat fluxes), ocean surface wind stress, and state variables used to estimate them, are Essential Ocean Variables (EOVs) and Essential Climate Variables (ECVs) influencing weather and climate. This paper describes an observational strategy for producing 3-hourly, 25-km (and an aspirational goal of hourly at 10-km) heat flux and wind stress fields over the global, ice-free ocean with breakthrough 1-day random uncertainty of 15 W m{\textendash}2 and a bias of less than 5 W m{\textendash}2. At present this accuracy target is met only for OceanSITES reference station moorings and research vessels (RVs) that follow best practices. To meet these targets globally, in the next decade, satellite-based observations must be optimized for boundary layer measurements of air temperature, humidity, sea surface temperature, and ocean wind stress. In order to tune and validate these satellite measurements, a complementary global in situ flux array, built around an expanded OceanSITES network of time series reference station moorings, is also needed. The array would include 500{\textendash}1000 measurement platforms, including autonomous surface vehicles, moored and drifting buoys, RVs, the existing OceanSITES network of 22 flux sites, and new OceanSITES expanded in 19 key regions. This array would be globally distributed, with 1{\textendash}3 measurement platforms in each nominal 10{\textdegree} by 10{\textdegree} box. These improved moisture and temperature profiles and surface data, if assimilated into Numerical Weather Prediction (NWP) models, would lead to better representation of cloud formation processes, improving state variables and surface radiative and turbulent fluxes from these models. The in situ flux array provides globally distributed measurements and metrics for satellite algorithm development, product validation, and for improving satellite-based, NWP and blended flux products. In addition, some of these flux platforms will also measure direct turbulent fluxes, which can be used to improve algorithms for computation of air-sea exchange of heat and momentum in flux products and models. With these improved air-sea fluxes, the ocean{\textquoteright}s influence on the atmosphere will be better quantified and lead to improved long-term weather forecasts, seasonal-interannual-decadal climate predictions, and regional climate projections.},
	keywords = {air-sea heat flux, autonomous surface vehicle, ICOADS, latent heat flux, ocean wind stress, OceanSITES, satellite-based ocean monitoring system, surface radiation},
	issn = {2296-7745},
	doi = {10.3389/fmars.2019.00430},
	url = {https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fmars.2019.00430},
	author = {Cronin, Meghan F. and Gentemann, Chelle L. and Edson, James and Ueki, Iwao and Bourassa, Mark and Brown, Shannon and Clayson, Carol Anne and Fairall, Chris W. and Farrar, J. Thomas and Gille, Sarah T. and Gulev, Sergey and Josey, Simon A. and Kato, Seiji and Katsumata, Masaki and Kent, Elizabeth and Krug, Marjolaine and Minnett, Peter J. and Parfitt, Rhys and Pinker, Rachel T. and Stackhouse, Paul W. and Swart, Sebastiaan and Tomita, Hiroyuki and Vandemark, Douglas and Weller, A. Robert and Yoneyama, Kunio and Yu, Lisan and Zhang, Dongxiao}
}
