@article {xu_acoustic_2021,
	title = {Acoustic and In-Situ Observations of Deep Seafloor Hydrothermal Discharge: An OOI Cabled Array ASHES Vent Field Case Study},
	journal = {Earth and Space Science},
	volume = {8},
	number = {3},
	year = {2021},
	note = {_eprint: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1029/2020EA001269},
	pages = {e2020EA001269},
	abstract = {The Cabled Observatory Vent Imaging Sonar (COVIS) was installed on the Ocean Observatories Initiative{\textquoteright}s Regional Cabled Array observatory at ASHES hydrothermal vent field on Axial Seamount in July 2018. The acoustic backscatter data recorded by COVIS in August{\textendash}September 2018, in conjunction with in situ temperature measurements, are used to showcase and verify the use of COVIS for long-term, quantitative monitoring of hydrothermal discharge. Specifically, sonar data processing generates three-dimensional backscatter images of the buoyant plumes above major sulfide structures and two-dimensional maps of diffuse flows within COVIS{\textquoteright}s field-of-view. The backscatter images show substantial changes of plume appearance and orientation that mostly reflect plume bending in the presence of ambient currents and potentially the variations of outflow fluxes. The intensity of acoustic backscatter decreases significantly for highly bent plumes as compared to nearly vertical plumes, reflecting enhanced mixing of plume fluids with seawater driven by ambient currents. A forward model of acoustic backscatter from a buoyancy-driven plume developed in this study yields a reasonable match with the observation, which paves the way for inversely estimating the source heat flux of a hydrothermal plume from acoustic backscatter measurements. The acoustic observations of diffuse flows show large temporal variations on time scales of hours to days, especially at tidal frequencies, but no apparent long-term trend. These findings demonstrate COVIS{\textquoteright}s ability to quantitatively monitor hydrothermal discharge from both focused and diffuse sources to provide the research community with key observational data for studying the linkage of hydrothermal activity with oceanic and geological processes.},
	keywords = {acoustic, axial seamount, hydrothermal, imaging, observatory, sonar},
	issn = {2333-5084},
	doi = {10.1029/2020EA001269},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1029/2020EA001269},
	author = {Xu, Guangyu and Bemis, Karen and Jackson, Darrell and Ivakin, Anatoliy}
}
@article {RN192,
	title = {Acoustic and In-situ Observations of Deep Seafloor Hydrothermal Discharge: an OOI Cabled Array ASHES Vent Field Case Study},
	journal = {Earth and Space Science},
	year = {2020},
	type = {Journal Article},
	abstract = {The Cabled Observatory Vent Imaging Sonar (COVIS) was installed on the Ocean Observatories Initiative{\textquoteright}s Regional Cabled Array observatory at ASHES hydrothermal vent field on Axial Seamount in July 2018. The acoustic backscatter data recorded by COVIS in August{\textendash}September 2018, in conjunction with in situ temperature measurements, are used to showcase and verify the use of COVIS for long-term, quantitative monitoring of hydrothermal discharge. Specifically, sonar data processing generates three-dimensional backscatter images of the buoyant plumes above major sulfide structures and two-dimensional maps of diffuse flows within COVIS{\textquoteright}s field-of-view. The backscatter images show substantial changes of plume appearance and orientation that mostly reflect plume bending in the presence of ambient currents and potentially the variations of outflow fluxes. The intensity of acoustic backscatter decreases significantly for highly bent plumes as compared to nearly vertical plumes, reflecting enhanced mixing of plume fluids with seawater driven by ambient currents. A forward model of acoustic backscatter from a buoyancy-driven plume developed in this study yields a reasonable match with the observation, which paves the way for inversely estimating the source heat flux of a hydrothermal plume from acoustic backscatter measurements. The acoustic observations of diffuse flows show large temporal variations on time scales of hours to days, especially at tidal frequencies, but no apparent long-term trend. These findings demonstrate COVIS{\textquoteright}s ability to quantitatively monitor hydrothermal discharge from both focused and diffuse sources to provide the research community with key observational data for studying the linkage of hydrothermal activity with oceanic and geological processes.},
	keywords = {acoustic, axial seamount, hydrothermal, imaging, observatory, sonar},
	doi = {10.1029/2020ea001269},
	url = {https://app.dimensions.ai/details/publication/pub.1133310442},
	author = {Xu, Guangyu and Bemis, Karen and Jackson, Darrell and Ivakin, Anatoliy}
}
@article {RN173,
	title = {Learning features from georeferenced seafloor imagery with location guided autoencoders},
	journal = {Journal of Field Robotics},
	year = {2020},
	type = {Journal Article},
	abstract = {The Cabled Observatory Vent Imaging Sonar (COVIS) was installed on the Ocean Observatories Initiative{\textquoteright}s Regional Cabled Array observatory at ASHES hydrothermal vent field on Axial Seamount in July 2018. The acoustic backscatter data recorded by COVIS in August{\textendash}September 2018, in conjunction with in situ temperature measurements, are used to showcase and verify the use of COVIS for long-term, quantitative monitoring of hydrothermal discharge. Specifically, sonar data processing generates three-dimensional backscatter images of the buoyant plumes above major sulfide structures and two-dimensional maps of diffuse flows within COVIS{\textquoteright}s field-of-view. The backscatter images show substantial changes of plume appearance and orientation that mostly reflect plume bending in the presence of ambient currents and potentially the variations of outflow fluxes. The intensity of acoustic backscatter decreases significantly for highly bent plumes as compared to nearly vertical plumes, reflecting enhanced mixing of plume fluids with seawater driven by ambient currents. A forward model of acoustic backscatter from a buoyancy-driven plume developed in this study yields a reasonable match with the observation, which paves the way for inversely estimating the source heat flux of a hydrothermal plume from acoustic backscatter measurements. The acoustic observations of diffuse flows show large temporal variations on time scales of hours to days, especially at tidal frequencies, but no apparent long-term trend. These findings demonstrate COVIS{\textquoteright}s ability to quantitatively monitor hydrothermal discharge from both focused and diffuse sources to provide the research community with key observational data for studying the linkage of hydrothermal activity with oceanic and geological processes.},
	keywords = {acoustic, axial seamount, hydrothermal, imaging, observatory, sonar},
	doi = {10.1002/rob.21961},
	url = {https://app.dimensions.ai/details/publication/pub.1127976526},
	author = {Yamada, Takaki and Pr{\"u}gel-Bennett, Adam and Thornton, Blair}
}
@article {RN171,
	title = {Ocean Observation Technologies: A Review},
	journal = {Chinese Journal of Mechanical Engineering},
	volume = {33},
	number = {1},
	year = {2020},
	pages = {32},
	type = {Journal Article},
	abstract = {Covering about three quarters of the surface area of the earth, the ocean is a critical source of sustenance, medicine, and commerce. However, such vast expanse in both surface area and depth, presents myriad observing challenges for researchers, such as corrosion, attenuation of electromagnetic waves, and high pressure. Ocean observation technologies are progressing from the conventional single node, static and short-term modalities to multiple nodes, dynamic and long-term modalities, to increase the density of both temporal and spatial samplings. Although people{\textquoteright}s knowledge of the oceans has been still quite limited, the contributions of many nations cooperating to develop the Global Ocean Observing System (GOOS) have remarkably promoted the development of ocean observing technologies. This paper reviews the typical observing technologies deployed from the sea surface to the seafloor, and discusses the future trend of the ocean observation systems with the docking technology and sustained ocean energy.

},
	keywords = {Docking, observatory, Ocean energyl AUV, Ocean observation, Recharging, Sampling, Underwater},
	doi = {10.1186/s10033-020-00449-z},
	url = {https://app.dimensions.ai/details/publication/pub.1126707055 https://cjme.springeropen.com/track/pdf/10.1186/s10033-020-00449-z},
	author = {Lin, Mingwei and Yang, Canjun}
}
@article {RN130,
	title = {Use of Profiler Moorings in the Ocean Observatories Initiative},
	journal = {Oceanography \& Fisheries Open access Journal},
	volume = {10},
	number = {3},
	year = {2019},
	type = {Journal Article},
	abstract = {This Mini Review is intended to describe the history, design, and summarize the performance of one class of mooring used by the Ocean Observatories Initiative.

},
	keywords = {buoy, Mooring, observatory, Ocean Observatories Initiative},
	doi = {10.19080/ofoaj.2019.10.555788},
	url = {https://app.dimensions.ai/details/publication/pub.1121754603 http://juniperpublishers.com/ofoaj/pdf/OFOAJ.MS.ID.555788.pdf},
	author = {Palanza, Matthew}
}
