@article {olsen_integrating_2023,
	title = {Integrating fishers{\textquoteright} knowledge with oceanographic observations to understand changing ocean conditions in the Northeast United States},
	journal = {Frontiers in Marine Science},
	volume = {10},
	year = {2023},
	abstract = {Recent warming in the Northeast United States continental shelf ecosystem has raised several concerns about the impacts on the ecosystem and commercial fisheries. In 2014, researchers from the Commercial Fisheries Research Foundation and Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution founded the Shelf Research Fleet to involve fishers in monitoring the rapidly changing ocean environment and encourage sharing of ecological knowledge. The Shelf Research Fleet is a transdisciplinary, cooperative program that trains commercial fishers to collect oceanographic information by deploying conductivity, temperature, and depth (CTD) instruments while commercially fishing. A total of 806 CTD profiles have been collected by the Shelf Research Fleet through December 2022. Participating vessels can view the conductivity and temperature water column profiles they collect in real-time. These profiles help inform their fishing practices and give insights when unexpected species appear in their gear or if their catch composition changes from previous years. The data collected by the Shelf Research Fleet are shared with and processed by researchers from numerous partnering institutions. The Shelf Research Fleet data have been used by researchers to better understand oceanographic phenomena including marine heatwaves, shelf-break exchange processes, warm core rings, and salinity maximum intrusions onto the continental shelf. The scope of the Shelf Research Fleet has grown over time to include efforts to more directly link oceanographic results with biological observations to better understand how changing ocean conditions are affecting commercially important species. This article describes the approach, successes, challenges, and future directions of the Shelf Research Fleet and aims to outline a framework for a cost-effective research program that engages fishers in the collection of oceanographic data, strengthening partnerships between fishing industry members and the scientific community.},
	issn = {2296-7745},
	doi = {10.3389/fmars.2023.1144178},
	url = {https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmars.2023.1144178},
	author = {Olsen, Noelle A. and Bahr, Frank and Bethoney, N. David and Mercer, Anna M. and Gawarkiewicz, Glen}
}
@article {decourcy_real-time_2022,
	title = {Real-time joint ocean acoustics and circulation modeling in the 2021 New England Shelf Break Acoustics experiment (L)},
	journal = {The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America},
	volume = {152},
	number = {5},
	year = {2022},
	note = {Publisher: Acoustical Society of America},
	pages = {2859{\textendash}2862},
	abstract = {During the spring of 2021, a coordinated multi-vessel effort was organized to study physical oceanography, marine geology and biology, and acoustics on the northeast United States continental shelf, as part of the New England Shelf Break Acoustics (NESBA) experiment. One scientific goal was to establish a real-time numerical model aboard the research vessel with high spatial and temporal resolution to predict the oceanography and sound propagation within the NESBA study area. The real-time forecast model performance and challenges are reported in this letter without adjustment or re-simulation after the cruise. Future research directions for post-experiment studies are also suggested.},
	issn = {0001-4966},
	doi = {10.1121/10.0015139},
	url = {https://asa.scitation.org/doi/10.1121/10.0015139},
	author = {DeCourcy, Brendan J. and Lin, Ying-Tsong and Zhang, Weifeng Gordon and Ozanich, Emma Reeves and Kukshtel, Natalie and Siderius, Martin and Gawarkiewicz, Glen and Forsyth, Jacob}
}
@article {silver_spatial_2022,
	title = {Spatial variability of movement, structure, and formation of Warm Core Rings in the Northwest Atlantic Slope Sea},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research - Oceans},
	volume = {127},
	number = {8},
	year = {2022},
	month = {aug},
	pages = {e2022JC018737},
	abstract = {Gulf Stream Warm Core Rings (WCRs) have important influences on the New England Shelf and marine ecosystems. A 10-year (2011{\textendash}2020) WCR dataset that tracks weekly WCR locations and surface areas is used here to identify the rings{\textquoteright} path and characterize their movement between 55 and 75{\textdegree}W. The WCR dataset reveals a very narrow band between 66 and 71{\textdegree}W along which rings travel almost due west along \~{}39{\textdegree}N across isobaths {\textendash} the {\textquotedblleft}Ring Corridor.{\textquotedblright} Then, west of the corridor, the mean path turns southwestward, paralleling the shelfbreak. The average ring translation speed along the mean path is 5.9~cm s-1. Long-lived rings (lifespan >150~days) tend to occupy the region west of the New England Seamount Chain (NESC) whereas short-lived rings (lifespan <150~days) tend to be more broadly distributed. WCR vertical structures, analyzed using available Argo float profiles indicate that rings that are formed to the west of the NESC have shallower thermoclines than those formed to the east. This tendency may be due to different WCR formation processes that are observed to occur along different sections of the Gulf Stream. WCRs formed to the east of the NESC tend to form from a pinch-off mechanism incorporating cores of Sargasso Sea water and a perimeter of Gulf Stream water. WCRs that form to the west of the NESC, form from a process called an aneurysm. WCRs formed through aneurysms comprise water mostly from the northern half of the Gulf Stream and are smaller than the classic pinch-off rings.},
	keywords = {aneurysm, Eddies, Gulf Stream, ring formation, trajectories, warm core rings},
	issn = {2169-9275},
	doi = {10.1029/2022jc018737},
	author = {Silver, Adrienne and Gangopadhyay, Avijit and Gawarkiewicz, Glen and Andres, Magdalena and Flierl, Glenn and Clark, Jenifer}
}
@article {RN201,
	title = {Interannual and seasonal asymmetries in Gulf Stream Ring Formations from 1980 to 2019},
	journal = {Scientific Reports},
	volume = {11},
	number = {1},
	year = {2021},
	pages = {2207},
	type = {Journal Article},
	abstract = {As the Gulf Stream separates from the coast, it sheds both Warm and Cold Core Rings between 75o and 55oW. We present evidence that this ring formation behavior has been asymmetric over both interannual and seasonal time-scales. After a previously reported regime-shift in 2000, 15 more Warm Core Rings have been forming yearly compared to 1980{\textendash}1999. In contrast, there have been no changes in the annual formation rate of the Cold Core Rings. This increase in Warm Core Ring production leads to an excess heat transfer of 0.10 PW to the Slope Sea, amounting to 7.7{\textendash}12.4\% of the total Gulf Stream heat transport, or 5.4{\textendash}7.3\% of the global oceanic heat budget at 30oN. Seasonally, more Cold Core Rings are produced in the winter and spring and more Warm Core Rings are produced in the summer and fall leading to more summertime heat transfer to the north of the Stream. The seasonal cycle of relative ring formation numbers is strongly correlated (r = 0.82) with that of the difference in upper layer temperatures between the Sargasso and Slope seas. This quantification motivates future efforts to understand the recent increasing influence of the Gulf Stream on the circulation and ecosystem in the western North Atlantic.},
	doi = {10.1038/s41598-021-81827-y},
	url = {https://app.dimensions.ai/details/publication/pub.1134854819 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-81827-y},
	author = {Silver, Adrienne and Gangopadhyay, Avijit and Gawarkiewicz, Glen and Silva, E. Nishchitha S. and Clark, Jenifer}
}
@article {RN272,
	title = {Mesoscale and Submesoscale Shelf-Ocean Exchanges Initialize an Advective Marine Heatwave},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research - Oceans},
	year = {2021},
	type = {Journal Article},
	doi = {10.1029/2021jc017927},
	url = {https://app.dimensions.ai/details/publication/pub.1143744195},
	author = {Chen, Ke and Gawarkiewicz, Glen and Yang, Jiayan}
}
@article {RN167,
	title = {A Census of the Warm Core Rings of the Gulf Stream: 1980-2017},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research Oceans},
	year = {2020},
	type = {Journal Article},
	abstract = {A census of Gulf Stream (GS) warm-core rings (WCRs) is presented based on 38 years (1980{\textendash}2017) of data. The census documents formation and demise times and locations, and formation size for all 961 WCRs formed in the study period that live for a week or more. A clear regime shift was observed around the Year 2000 and was reported by a subset of authors (Gangopadhyay et al., 2019, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-48661-9). The WCR formation over the whole region (75{\textendash}55{\textdegree}W) increased from an average of 18 per year during Regime 1 (1980{\textendash}1999) to 33 per year during Regime 2 (2000{\textendash}2017). For geographic analysis formation locations were grouped in four 5{\textdegree} zones between 75{\textdegree}W and 55{\textdegree}W. Seasonally, WCR formations show a significant summer maxima and winter minima, a pattern that is consistent through all zones and both temporal regimes. The lifespan and size distribution show progressively more rings with higher longevity and greater size when formed to the east of 70{\textdegree}W. The average lifespan of the WCRs in all four zones decreased by 20{\textendash}40\% depending on zones and/or seasons from Regime 1 to Regime 2, while the size distribution remained unchanged across regimes. The ring footprint index, a first-order signature of impact of the WCRs on the slope, increased significantly (26{\textendash}90\%) for all zones from Regime 1 to Regime 2, with the highest percent increase in Zone 2 (70{\textendash}65{\textdegree}W). This observational study establishes critical statistical and dynamical benchmarks for validating numerical models and highlights the need for further dynamical understanding of the GS-ring formation processes.},
	doi = {10.1029/2019jc016033},
	url = {https://app.dimensions.ai/details/publication/pub.1128843160},
	author = {Gangopadhyay, Avijit and Gawarkiewicz, Glen and Silva, E. Nishchitha S. and Silver, Adrienne M. and Monim, M. and Clark, Jenifer}
}
@article {RN137,
	title = {Characteristics of an Advective Marine Heatwave in the Middle Atlantic Bight in Early 2017},
	journal = {Frontiers in Marine Science},
	volume = {6},
	year = {2019},
	pages = {712},
	type = {Journal Article},
	abstract = {There has been wide interest in Marine Heatwaves and their ecological consequences in recent years. Most analyses have focused on remotely sensed sea surface temperature data due to the temporal and spatial coverage it provides in order to establish the presence and duration of Heatwaves. Using hydrographic data from a variety of sources, we show that an advective Marine Heatwave was initiated by an event in late December of 2016 south of New England, with temperature anomalies measuring up to 6{\textdegree}C and salinity anomalies exceeding 1 PSU. Similar features were observed off of New Jersey in February 2017, and are associated with the Shelfbreak Front migrating from its normal position to mid-shelf or further onshore. Shelf water of 34 PSU was observed just north of Cape Hatteras at the 30 m isobath and across the continental shelf in late April 2017. These observations reveal that the 2017 Marine Heatwave was associated with a strong positive salinity anomaly, that its total duration was approximately 4 months, and its advective path extended roughly 850 km along the length of the continental shelf in the Middle Atlantic Bight. The southward advective velocity implied by the arrival north of Cape Hatteras is consistent with previous estimates of alongshelf velocity for the region. The origin of this Marine Heatwave is likely related to cross-shelf advection driven by the presence of a Warm Core Ring adjacent to the shelfbreak south of New England.},
	keywords = {coastal ocean circulation, Heatwave, middle Atlantic bight, shelfbreak front, warm core ring},
	doi = {10.3389/fmars.2019.00712},
	url = {https://app.dimensions.ai/details/publication/pub.1122782128 https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmars.2019.00712/pdf},
	author = {Gawarkiewicz, Glen and Chen, Ke and Forsyth, Jacob and Bahr, Frank and Mercer, Anna M. and Ellertson, Aubrey and Fratantoni, Paula and Seim, Harvey and Haines, Sara and Han, Lu}
}
@article {RN105,
	title = {Gulf Stream Ring Water Intrusion on the Mid-Atlantic Bight Continental Shelf Break Affects Microbially Driven Carbon Cycling},
	journal = {Frontiers in Marine Science},
	volume = {6},
	year = {2019},
	pages = {394},
	type = {Journal Article},
	abstract = {Warm core, anticyclonic rings that spin off from the Gulf Stream circulate through the region directly offshore of the Mid-Atlantic Bight. If a warm core ring reaches the continental shelf break, its warm, highly saline water may subduct under cooler, fresher continental shelf surface water, resulting in subsurface waters at the shelf break and over the upper continental slope with high temperatures and salinities and distinct physical and chemical properties characteristic of Gulf Stream water. Such intruding water may also have microbial communities with distinct functional capacities, which may in turn affect the rate and nature of carbon cycling in this coastal/shelf environment. However, the functional capabilities of microbial communities within ring intrusion waters relative to surrounding continental shelf waters are largely unexplored. We investigated microbial community capacity to initiate organic matter remineralization by measuring hydrolysis of a suite of polysaccharide, peptide, and glucose substrates along a transect oriented across the Mid-Atlantic Bight shelf, shelf break, and upper slope. At the outermost sampling site, warm and salty water derived from a Gulf Stream warm core ring was present in the lower portion of the water column. This water exhibited hydrolytic capacities distinct from other sampling sites, and exhibited lower heterotrophic bacterial productivity overall. Warm core rings adjacent to the Mid-Atlantic Bight shelf have increased in frequency and duration in recent years. As the influence of warm core rings on the continental shelf and slope increases in the future, the rate and nature of organic matter remineralization on the continental shelf may also shift.},
	keywords = {carbon cycling, enzymatic activity, heterotrophy, Mid-Atlantic Bight, ring intrusion, warm core ring},
	issn = {2296-7745},
	doi = {10.3389/fmars.2019.00394},
	url = {https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fmars.2019.00394},
	author = {Hoarfrost, Adrienne and Balmonte, John Paul and Ghobrial, Sherif and Ziervogel, Kai and Bane, John and Gawarkiewicz, Glen and Arnosti, Carol}
}
@article {RN100,
	title = {An Observed Regime Shift in the Formation of Warm Core Rings from the Gulf Stream},
	journal = {Scientific Reports},
	volume = {9},
	number = {1},
	year = {2019},
	pages = {12319},
	type = {Journal Article},
	abstract = {We present observational evidence that a significant regime change occurred around the year 2000 in the formation of Warm Core Rings (WCRs) from the Gulf Stream (GS) between 75{\textdegree} and 55{\textdegree}W. The dataset for this study is a set of synoptic oceanographic charts available over the thirty-eight-year period of 1980{\textendash}2017. The upward regime change shows an increase to 33 WCRs per year during 2000{\textendash}2017 from an average of 18 WCRs during 1980 to 1999. A seasonal analysis confirms May-June-July as the peak time for WCR births in agreement with earlier studies. The westernmost region (75{\textdegree}-70{\textdegree}W) is least ring-productive, while the region from 65{\textdegree}W to 60{\textdegree}W is most productive. This regime shift around 2000 is detected in WCR formation for all of the four 5-degree wide sub-regions and the whole region (75{\textdegree}-55{\textdegree}W). This might be related to a reduction of the deformation radius for ring formation, allowing unstable meanders to shed more frequent rings in recent years. A number of possible factors resulting in such a regime shift related to the possible changes in reduced gravity, instability, transport of the GS, large-scale changes in the wind system and atmospheric fluxes are outlined, which suggest new research directions. The increase in WCRs has likely had an impact on the marine ecosystem since 2000, a topic worthy for future studies.},
	issn = {2045-2322},
	doi = {10.1038/s41598-019-48661-9},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-48661-9},
	author = {Gangopadhyay, Avijit and Gawarkiewicz, Glen and Silva, E. Nishchitha S. and Monim, M. and Clark, Jenifer}
}
@article {RN77,
	title = {Partnering with Fishing Fleets to Monitor Ocean Conditions},
	journal = {Annual Review of Marine Science},
	volume = {11},
	number = {1},
	year = {2019},
	pages = {391-411},
	type = {Journal Article},
	abstract = {Engaging ocean users, including fishing fleets, in oceanographic and ecological research is a valuable method for collecting high-quality data, improving cost efficiency, and increasing societal appreciation for scientific research. As research partners, fishing fleets provide broad access to and knowledge of the ocean, and fishers are highly motivated to use the data collected to better understand the ecosystems in which they harvest. Here, we discuss recent trends in collaborative research that have increased the capacity of and access to scientific data collection. We also describe common elements of successful collaborative research programs, including definition of a scientific problem and goals, choice of technology, data collection and sampling design, data management and dissemination, and data analysis and communication. Finally, we review four case studies that demonstrate the general principles of effective collaborative research as well as the utility of citizen-collected data for academic research and fisheries management. We also discuss the challenge of funding, particularly as it relates to maintaining collaborative research programs in the long term. We conclude with a discussion of likely future trends. Ultimately, we predict that collaborative research will continue to grow in importance as climate change increasingly impacts ocean ecosystems, commercial fisheries, and the global food supply.},
	keywords = {citizen science, collaborative research, hydrography, ocean monitoring},
	issn = {1941-1405},
	doi = {10.1146/annurev-marine-010318-095201},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-marine-010318-095201},
	author = {Gawarkiewicz, Glen and Malek Mercer, Anna}
}
@article {RN65,
	title = {Stratigraphic analysis of a sediment pond within the New England Mud Patch: New constraints from high-resolution chirp acoustic reflection data},
	journal = {Marine Geology},
	volume = {412},
	year = {2019},
	pages = {81-94},
	type = {Journal Article},
	abstract = {The New England Mud Patch (NEMP) is an anomaly on the Atlantic coast of North America. This ~13,000 km2 area, located south of Cape Cod between the ~60 m and 160 m isobaths, is a region of active fine-grained deposition on a shelf that is predominantly non-depositional or erosional. Prior studies theorized that NEMP sediments are derived from fines winnowed from Georges Bank, transported westward by coastal currents, and then settled in more quiescent conditions. A chirp seismic reflection (2015) and coring (2016) survey of part of the NEMP was conducted in support of a planned acoustic experiment for the Office of Naval Research. The survey focused on a ~30 km (E-W) by ~8 km (N-S) region between the 70 m and 85 m isobaths, encompassing a sediment {\textquotedblleft}pond{\textquotedblright} >12 m thick. The dense (250 m) survey lines allow a pseudo-3D stratigraphic interpretation. The sediment pond occupies an embayment eroded into pre-LGM substrate sediments, perhaps by glacial outwash. Marine sands beneath the mud are organized into oblique sand ridge morphology. The sense of obliquity, morphologic asymmetry, and internal dipping reflectors indicate that the sand ridges formed under east-directed transport. However, as evidenced by westward-prograding depocenters and onlap, NEMP deposition occurred under west-directed transport, consistent with modern shelf conditions. The onset of fine-grained deposition was therefore contemporaneous with a significant shift in the hydrologic regime. Muds deposited immediately above the sand ridges include a significant sand component, whose modal grain size is identical to that of the sand ridges. This admixture may indicate that, during the early stages of mud deposition, the tops of the sand ridges remained unburied and exposed to reworking. Episodic, storm-driven transport of sand to the muddy deposits may account for some of the sand component of NEMP sediments.},
	keywords = {Chirp, Mud patch, New England shelf, Sand ridges, Vibracore},
	issn = {0025-3227},
	doi = {10.1016/j.margeo.2019.03.010},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0025322718304018},
	author = {Goff, John A. and Reed, Allen H. and Gawarkiewicz, Glen and Wilson, Preston S. and Knobles, David P.}
}
