@article {schiller-weiss_salinity_2023,
	title = {Do Salinity Variations Along the East Greenland Shelf Show Imprints of Increasing Meltwater Runoff?},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans},
	volume = {128},
	number = {10},
	year = {2023},
	note = {_eprint: https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1029/2023JC019890},
	pages = {e2023JC019890},
	abstract = {Accelerated melting of the Greenland Ice Sheet is considered a tipping element in the freshwater balance of the subpolar North Atlantic (SPNA). The East Greenland Current (EGC) and Coastal Current (EGCC) are the major conduits for transporting Arctic-sourced and Greenland glacial freshwater. Understanding freshwater changes in the EGC system and drivers thereof is crucial for connecting tipping elements in the SPNA. Using the eddy-rich model VIKING20X (1/20{\textdegree}) and Copernicus GLORYS12 (1/12{\textdegree}), we find that from 1993 to 2019 freshwater remains close to the shelf with interannual extremes in freshwater content (FWC) attributable to the imprint of Greenland melt only in years 2010 and 2012. Runoff increased significantly from 1995 to 2005 and Arctic freshwater export after 2005. Overall, regional wind patterns, sea ice melt and increasingly glacial ice and snow meltwater runoff along with the Arctic-sourced Polar Water set interannual FWC variations in the EGC system. We emphasize that these freshwater sources have different seasonal timing. South of 65{\textdegree}N sea ice melts year round and retreats to north of 65{\textdegree}N, where melt in summer prevails. Greenland runoff peaks in June{\textendash}August with only some locations of year round discharge. Alongshore winds intensify in fall and winter where reduced onshore Ekman transport allows for freshwater to spread laterally in the EGC. We show that sea ice melt, runoff and wind can cause interannual variations of comparable magnitude. All of which makes attributing ocean freshening events to Greenland meltwater inflow at current magnitudes a major challenge.},
	issn = {2169-9291},
	doi = {10.1029/2023JC019890},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1029/2023JC019890},
	author = {Schiller-Weiss, Ilana and Martin, Torge and Karstensen, Johannes and Biastoch, Arne}
}
@article {fu_seasonality_2023,
	title = {Seasonality of the Meridional Overturning Circulation in the subpolar North Atlantic.},
	journal = {Communications earth \& environment},
	volume = {4},
	number = {1},
	year = {2023},
	note = {Place: England},
	pages = {181},
	abstract = {Understanding the variability of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation is essential for better predictions of our changing climate. Here we present an updated time series (August 2014 to June 2020) from the Overturning in the Subpolar North Atlantic Program. The 6-year time series allows us to observe the seasonality of the subpolar overturning and meridional heat and freshwater transports. The overturning peaks in late spring and reaches a minimum in early winter, with a peak-to-trough range of 9.0 Sv. The overturning seasonal timing can be explained by winter transformation and the export of dense water, modulated by a seasonally varying Ekman transport. Furthermore, over 55\% of the total meridional freshwater transport variability can be explained by its seasonality, largely owing to overturning dynamics. Our results provide the first observational analysis of seasonality in the subpolar North Atlantic overturning and highlight its important contribution to the total overturning variability observed to date.},
	keywords = {Ocean sciences, physical oceanography},
	issn = {2662-4435},
	doi = {10.1038/s43247-023-00848-9},
	author = {Fu, Yao and Lozier, M. Susan and Bil{\'o}, Tiago Carrilho and Bower, Amy S. and Cunningham, Stuart A. and Cyr, Fr{\'e}d{\'e}ric and de Jong, M. Femke and deYoung, Brad and Drysdale, Lewis and Fraser, Neil and Fried, Nora and Furey, Heather H. and Han, Guoqi and Handmann, Patricia and Holliday, N. Penny and Holte, James and Inall, Mark E. and Johns, William E. and Jones, Sam and Karstensen, Johannes and Li, Feili and Pacini, Astrid and Pickart, Robert S. and Rayner, Darren and Straneo, Fiammetta and Yashayaev, Igor}
}
@article {boss_recommendations_2022,
	title = {Recommendations for Plankton Measurements on OceanSITES Moorings With Relevance to Other Observing Sites},
	journal = {Frontiers in Marine Science},
	volume = {9},
	year = {2022},
	abstract = {Measuring plankton and associated variables as part of ocean time-series stations has the potential to revolutionize our understanding of ocean biology and ecology and their ties to ocean biogeochemistry. It will open temporal scales (e.g., resolving diel cycles) not typically sampled as a function of depth. In this review we motivate the addition of biological measurements to time-series sites by detailing science questions they could help address, reviewing existing technology that could be deployed, and providing examples of time-series sites already deploying some of those technologies. We consider here the opportunities that exist through global coordination within the OceanSITES network for long-term (climate) time series station in the open ocean. Especially with respect to data management, global solutions are needed as these are critical to maximize the utility of such data. We conclude by providing recommendations for an implementation plan.},
	issn = {2296-7745},
	doi = {10.3389/fmars.2022.929436},
	url = {https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmars.2022.929436},
	author = {Boss, Emmanuel and Waite, Anya M. and Karstensen, Johannes and Trull, Tom and Muller-Karger, Frank and Sosik, Heidi M. and Uitz, Julia and Acinas, Silvia G. and Fennel, Katja and Berman-Frank, Ilana and Thomalla, Sandy and Yamazaki, Hidekatsu and Batten, Sonia and Gregori, Gerald and Richardson, Anthony J. and Wanninkhof, Rik}
}
@article {RN280,
	title = {Mean Conditions and Seasonality of the West Greenland Boundary Current System near Cape Farewell},
	journal = {Journal of Physical Oceanography},
	volume = {50},
	number = {10},
	year = {2020},
	pages = {2849-2871},
	type = {Journal Article},
	doi = {10.1175/jpo-d-20-0086.1},
	url = {https://app.dimensions.ai/details/publication/pub.1130194077 http://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/528563/1/jpod200086.pdf},
	author = {Pacini, Astrid and Pickart, Robert S. and Bahr, Frank and Torres, Daniel J. and Ramsey, Andr{\'e}e L. and Holte, James and Karstensen, Johannes and Oltmanns, Marilena and Straneo, Fiammetta and Le Bras, Isabela Astiz and Moore, G. W. K. and de Jong, M. Femke}
}
@article {RN296,
	title = {A stable Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation in a changing North Atlantic Ocean since the 1990s},
	journal = {Science Advances},
	volume = {6},
	number = {48},
	year = {2020},
	pages = {eabc7836},
	type = {Journal Article},
	doi = {10.1126/sciadv.abc7836},
	url = {https://app.dimensions.ai/details/publication/pub.1132953582 https://www.science.org/doi/pdf/10.1126/sciadv.abc7836?download=true},
	author = {Fu, Yao and Li, Feili and Karstensen, Johannes and Wang, Chunzai}
}
@article {RN298,
	title = {Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation: Observed Transport and Variability},
	journal = {Frontiers in Marine Science},
	volume = {6},
	year = {2019},
	pages = {260},
	type = {Journal Article},
	doi = {10.3389/fmars.2019.00260},
	url = {https://app.dimensions.ai/details/publication/pub.1116893735 https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmars.2019.00260/pdf},
	author = {Frajka-Williams, Eleanor and Ansorge, Isabelle J. and Baehr, Johanna and Bryden, Harry L. and Chidichimo, Maria Paz and Cunningham, Stuart A. and Danabasoglu, Gokhan and Dong, Shenfu and Donohue, Kathleen A. and Elipot, Shane and Heimbach, Patrick and Holliday, N. Penny and Hummels, Rebecca and Jackson, Laura C. and Karstensen, Johannes and Lankhorst, Matthias and Le Bras, Isabela A. and Lozier, M. Susan and McDonagh, Elaine L. and Meinen, Christopher S. and Mercier, Herl{\'e} and Moat, Bengamin I. and Perez, Renellys C. and Piecuch, Christopher G. and Rhein, Monika and Srokosz, Meric A. and Trenberth, Kevin E. and Bacon, Sheldon and Forget, Gael and Goni, Gustavo and Kieke, Dagmar and Koelling, Jannes and Lamont, Tarron and McCarthy, Gerard D. and Mertens, Christian and Send, Uwe and Smeed, David A. and Speich, Sabrina and van den Berg, Marcel and Volkov, Denis and Wilson, Chris}
}
@article {RN22,
	title = {Deep Convection in the Irminger Sea Observed with a Dense Mooring Array},
	journal = {Oceanography},
	volume = {31},
	number = {1},
	year = {2018},
	pages = {50-59},
	type = {Journal Article},
	abstract = {Deep convection is a key process in the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation, but because it acts at small scales, it remains poorly resolved by climate models. The occurrence of deep convection depends on weak initial stratification and strong surface buoyancy forcing, conditions that are satisfied in only a few ocean basins. In 2014, one of the Ocean Observatories Initiative (OOI) global arrays was installed close to the Central Irminger Sea (CIS) and the Long-term Ocean Circulation Observations (LOCO) moorings in the central Irminger Sea. These programs{\textquoteright} six moorings are located in the center of an area of deep convection and are distributed within a 50 km radius, thus offering detailed insight into spatial differences during the strong convection events that occurred during the winters of 2014/2015 and 2015/2016. Deep mixed layers, down to approximately 1,600 m, formed during both winters. The properties of the convectively renewed water mass at each mooring converge to a common temperature and salinity before restratification sets in at the end of winter. The largest differences in onset (or timing) of convection and restratification are seen between the northernmost and southernmost moorings. High-resolution atmospheric reanalysis data show there is higher atmospheric forcing at the northernmost mooring due to a more favorable position with respect to the Greenland tip jet. Nevertheless, earlier onset, and more continuous cooling and deepening of mixed layers, occurs at the southernmost mooring, while convection at the northern mooring is frequently interrupted by warm events. We propose that these warm events are associated with eddies and filaments originating from the Irminger Current off the coast of Greenland and that convection further south benefits from cold inflow from the southwest.

},
	issn = {10428275},
	doi = {10.5670/oceanog.2018.109},
	author = {de Jong, M. Femke and Oltmanns, Marilena and Karstensen, Johannes and de Steur, Laura}
}
@article {RN29,
	title = {Mean circulation and EKE distribution in the Labrador Sea Water level of the subpolar North Atlantic},
	journal = {Ocean Science Discussions},
	year = {2018},
	pages = {1-27},
	type = {Journal Article},
	abstract = {A long-term mean flow field for the subpolar North Atlantic region with a horizontal resolution of approximately 25 km is created by gridding Argo-derived velocity vectors using two different topography-following interpolation schemes. The 10-day float displacements in the typical drift depths of 1000 to 1500 m represent the flow in the Labrador Sea Water density range. Both mapping algorithms separate the flow field into potential vorticity (PV) conserving, i.e., topography-following contribution and a deviating part, which we define as the eddy contribution. To verify the significance of the separation, we compare the mean flow and the eddy kinetic energy (EKE), derived from both mapping algorithms, with those obtained from multiyear mooring observations.

The PV-conserving mean flow is characterized by stable boundary currents along all major topographic features including shelf breaks and basin-interior topographic ridges such as the Reykjanes Ridge or the Rockall Plateau. Mid-basin northward advection pathways from the northeastern Labrador Sea into the Irminger Sea and from the Mid-Atlantic Ridge region into the Iceland Basin are well-resolved. An eastward flow is present across the southern boundary of the subpolar gyre near 52o N, the latitude of the Charlie Gibbs Fracture Zone (CGFZ).

The mid-depth EKE field resembles most of the satellite-derived surface EKE field. However, noticeable differences exist along the northward advection pathways in the Irminger Sea and the Iceland Basin, where the deep EKE exceeds the surface EKE field. Further, the ratio between mean flow and the square root of the EKE, the Peclet number, reveals distinct advection-dominated regions as well as basin-interior regimes in which mixing is prevailing.

How to cite. 
Fischer, J., Karstensen, J., Oltmanns, M., and Schmidtko, S.: Mean circulation and EKE distribution in the Labrador Sea Water level of the subpolar North Atlantic, Ocean Sci., 14, 1167{\textendash}1183, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-14-1167-2018, 2018.},
	issn = {1812-0822},
	doi = {10.5194/os-2018-56},
	url = {https://staging-ddpp.dimensions.ai/details/publication/pub.1103986302 https://www.ocean-sci-discuss.net/os-2018-56/os-2018-56.pdf},
	author = {Fischer, J{\"u}rgen and Karstensen, Johannes and Oltmanns, Marilena and Schmidtko, Sunke}
}
@article {RN24,
	title = {Overturning in the Subpolar North Atlantic Program: A New International Ocean Observing System},
	journal = {Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society},
	volume = {98},
	number = {4},
	year = {2017},
	pages = {737-752},
	type = {Journal Article},
	abstract = {For decades oceanographers have understood the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC) to be primarily driven by changes in the production of deep-water formation in the subpolar and subarctic North Atlantic. Indeed, current Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) projections of an AMOC slowdown in the twenty-first century based on climate models are attributed to the inhibition of deep convection in the North Atlantic. However, observational evidence for this linkage has been elusive: there has been no clear demonstration of AMOC variability in response to changes in deep-water formation. The motivation for understanding this linkage is compelling, since the overturning circulation has been shown to sequester heat and anthropogenic carbon in the deep ocean. Furthermore, AMOC variability is expected to impact this sequestration as well as have consequences for regional and global climates through its effect on the poleward transport of warm water. Motivated by the need for a mechanistic understanding of the AMOC, an international community has assembled an observing system, Overturning in the Subpolar North Atlantic Program (OSNAP), to provide a continuous record of the transbasin fluxes of heat, mass, and freshwater, and to link that record to convective activity and water mass transformation at high latitudes. OSNAP, in conjunction with the Rapid Climate Change{\textendash}Meridional Overturning Circulation and Heatflux Array (RAPID{\textendash}MOCHA) at 26{\textdegree}N and other observational elements, will provide a comprehensive measure of the three-dimensional AMOC and an understanding of what drives its variability. The OSNAP observing system was fully deployed in the summer of 2014, and the first OSNAP data products are expected in the fall of 2017.},
	issn = {0003-0007 1520-0477},
	doi = {10.1175/bams-d-16-0057.1},
	url = {https://staging-ddpp.dimensions.ai/details/publication/pub.1038223668 http://darchive.mblwhoilibrary.org/bitstream/1912/9015/1/bams-d-16-0057.1.pdf},
	author = {Susan Lozier, M. and Bacon, Sheldon and Bower, Amy S. and Cunningham, Stuart A. and Femke de Jong, M. and de Steur, Laura and deYoung, Brad and Fischer, J{\"u}rgen and Gary, Stefan F. and Greenan, Blair J. W. and Heimbach, Patrick and Holliday, Naomi P. and Houpert, Lo{\"\i}c and Inall, Mark E. and Johns, William E. and Johnson, Helen L. and Karstensen, Johannes and Li, Feili and Lin, Xiaopei and Mackay, Neill and Marshall, David P. and Mercier, Herl{\'e} and Myers, Paul G. and Pickart, Robert S. and Pillar, Helen R. and Straneo, Fiammetta and Thierry, Virginie and Weller, Robert A. and Williams, Richard G. and Wilson, Chris and Yang, Jiayan and Zhao, Jian and Zika, Jan D.}
}
