@article {RN121,
	title = {Ocean Observatories as a Tool to Advance Gas Hydrate Research},
	journal = {Earth and Space Science},
	year = {2019},
	type = {Journal Article},
	abstract = {Since 2009, unprecedented comprehensive long-term gas hydrate observations have become available from Ocean Networks Canada{\textquoteright}s NEPTUNE cabled ocean observatory at the northern Cascadia margin. Several experiments demonstrate the scientific importance of permanent power and Internet connectivity to the ocean floor as they have advanced the field of gas hydrate related research. One example is the cabled crawler Wally at Barkley Canyon, enabling live in situ exploration of the hydrate mounds and its associated benthic communities through the crawler{\textquoteright}s mobility and permanent accessibility throughout the year. Another example is a bubble-imaging sonar at Clayoquot Slope, revealing the strong relationship between ebullition of natural gas and tidal pressure, without apparent correlation to earthquakes, storms, or temperature fluctuations, in year-long continuous recordings. Finally, regular observatory maintenance cruises allow additional science sampling including echo-sounder surveys to extend the observatory footprint. Long-term trends in the data are not yet apparent but can also become evident from continuous measurements, as ocean observatories such as NEPTUNE are built for a 25-year lifetime, and expansion of the observatory networks makes these findings comparable and testable.},
	doi = {10.1029/2019EA000762},
	author = {Scherwath, M. and Thomsen, L. and Riedel, M. and Romer, M. and Chatzievangelou, D. and Schwendner, J. and Duda, A. and Heesemann, M.}
}
@article {RN79,
	title = {Distributed natural gas venting offshore along the Cascadia margin},
	journal = {Nature Communications},
	volume = {9},
	number = {1},
	year = {2018},
	pages = {3264},
	type = {Journal Article},
	abstract = {Widespread gas venting along the Cascadia margin is investigated from acoustic water column data and reveals a nonuniform regional distribution of over 1100 mapped acoustic flares. The highest number of flares occurs on the shelf, and the highest flare density is seen around the nutrition-rich outflow of the Juan de Fuca Strait. We determine \~{}430 flow-rates at \~{}340 individual flare locations along the margin with instantaneous in situ values ranging from \~{}6 mL min-1 to \~{}18 L min-1. Applying a tidal-modulation model, a depth-dependent methane density, and extrapolating these results across the margin using two normalization techniques yields a combined average in situ flow-rate of \~{}88 {\texttimes} 106 kg y-1. The average methane flux-rate for the Cascadia margin is thus estimated to \~{}0.9 g y-1m-2. Combined uncertainties result in a range of these values between 4.5 and 1800\% of the estimated mean values.},
	issn = {2041-1723},
	doi = {10.1038/s41467-018-05736-x},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-05736-x},
	author = {Riedel, M. and Scherwath, M. and Romer, M. and Veloso, M. and Heesemann, M. and Spence, G. D.}
}
