@article {271,
	title = {The Deep Ocean Observing Strategy: Addressing Global Challenges in the Deep Sea Through Collaboration},
	journal = {Marine Technology Society Journal},
	volume = {56},
	year = {2022},
	month = {2022/06/08/},
	pages = {50 - 66},
	abstract = {The Deep Ocean Observing Strategy (DOOS) is an international, community-driven initiative that facilitates collaboration across disciplines and fields, elevates a diverse cohort of early career researchers into future leaders, and connects scientific advancements to societal needs. DOOS represents a global network of deep-ocean observing, mapping, and modeling experts, focusing community efforts in the support of strong science, policy, and planning for sustainable oceans. Its initiatives work to propose deep-sea Essential Ocean Variables; assess technology development; develop shared best practices, standards, and cross-calibration procedures; and transfer knowledge to policy makers and deep-ocean stakeholders. Several of these efforts align with the vision of the UN Ocean Decade to generate the science we need to create the deep ocean we want. DOOS works toward (1) a healthy and resilient deep ocean by informing science-based conservation actions, including optimizing data delivery, creating habitat and ecological maps of critical areas, and developing regional demonstration projects; (2) a predicted deep ocean by strengthening collaborations within the modeling community, determining needs for interdisciplinary modeling and observing system assessment in the deep ocean; (3) an accessible deep ocean by enhancing open access to innovative low-cost sensors and open-source plans, making deep-ocean data Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, and Reusable, and focusing on capacity development in developing countries; and finally (4) an inspiring and engaging deep ocean by translating science to stakeholders/end users and informing policy and management decisions, including in international waters.},
	keywords = {deep ocean, FAIR data principles, multi-disciplinary, ocean observing, science policy and planning},
	isbn = {0025-3324},
	doi = {10.4031/MTSJ.56.3.11},
	author = {Smith, Leslie M. and Cimoli, Laura and LaScala-Gruenewald, Diana and Pachiadaki, Maria and Phillips, Brennan and Pillar, Helen and Stopa, Justin E. and Baumann-Pickering, Simone and Beaulieu, Stace E. and Bell, Katherine L.C. and Harden-Davies, Harriet and Gjerde, Kristina M. and Heimbach, Patrick and Howe, Bruce and Janssen, Felix and Levin, Lisa A. and Ruhl, Henry A. and Soule, Adam and Stocks, Karen and Vardaro, Michael F. and Wright, Dawn J.}
}
@article {RN295,
	title = {Distinct sources of interannual subtropical and subpolar Atlantic overturning variability},
	journal = {Nature Geoscience},
	volume = {14},
	number = {7},
	year = {2021},
	pages = {491-495},
	type = {Journal Article},
	doi = {10.1038/s41561-021-00759-4},
	url = {https://app.dimensions.ai/details/publication/pub.1138476478 http://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/530907/1/Kostov_et_al_Third_Submission_NatGeo_REF.pdf},
	author = {Kostov, Yavor and Johnson, Helen L. and Marshall, David P. and Heimbach, Patrick and Forget, Gael and Holliday, N. Penny and Lozier, M. Susan and Li, Feili and Pillar, Helen R. and Smith, Timothy}
}
@article {RN298,
	title = {Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation: Observed Transport and Variability},
	journal = {Frontiers in Marine Science},
	volume = {6},
	year = {2019},
	pages = {260},
	type = {Journal Article},
	doi = {10.3389/fmars.2019.00260},
	url = {https://app.dimensions.ai/details/publication/pub.1116893735 https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmars.2019.00260/pdf},
	author = {Frajka-Williams, Eleanor and Ansorge, Isabelle J. and Baehr, Johanna and Bryden, Harry L. and Chidichimo, Maria Paz and Cunningham, Stuart A. and Danabasoglu, Gokhan and Dong, Shenfu and Donohue, Kathleen A. and Elipot, Shane and Heimbach, Patrick and Holliday, N. Penny and Hummels, Rebecca and Jackson, Laura C. and Karstensen, Johannes and Lankhorst, Matthias and Le Bras, Isabela A. and Lozier, M. Susan and McDonagh, Elaine L. and Meinen, Christopher S. and Mercier, Herl{\'e} and Moat, Bengamin I. and Perez, Renellys C. and Piecuch, Christopher G. and Rhein, Monika and Srokosz, Meric A. and Trenberth, Kevin E. and Bacon, Sheldon and Forget, Gael and Goni, Gustavo and Kieke, Dagmar and Koelling, Jannes and Lamont, Tarron and McCarthy, Gerard D. and Mertens, Christian and Send, Uwe and Smeed, David A. and Speich, Sabrina and van den Berg, Marcel and Volkov, Denis and Wilson, Chris}
}
@article {RN113,
	title = {Global Observing Needs in the Deep Ocean},
	journal = {Frontiers in Marine Science},
	volume = {6},
	year = {2019},
	pages = {241},
	type = {Journal Article},
	abstract = {The deep ocean below 200 m water depth is the least observed, but largest habitat on our planet by volume and area. Over 150 years of exploration has revealed that this dynamic system provides critical climate regulation, houses a wealth of energy, mineral, and biological resources, and represents a vast repository of biological diversity. A long history of deep-ocean exploration and observation led to the initial concept for the Deep-Ocean Observing Strategy (DOOS), under the auspices of the Global Ocean Observing System (GOOS). Here we discuss the scientific need for globally integrated deep-ocean observing, its status, and the key scientific questions and societal mandates driving observing requirements over the next decade. We consider the Essential Ocean Variables (EOVs) needed to address deep-ocean challenges within the physical, biogeochemical, and biological/ecosystem sciences according to the Framework for Ocean Observing (FOO), and map these onto scientific questions. Opportunities for new and expanded synergies among deep-ocean stakeholders are discussed, including academic-industry partnerships with the oil and gas, mining, cable and fishing industries, the ocean exploration and mapping community, and biodiversity conservation initiatives. Future deep-ocean observing will benefit from the greater integration across traditional disciplines and sectors, achieved through demonstration projects and facilitated reuse and repurposing of existing deep-sea data efforts. We highlight examples of existing and emerging deep-sea methods and technologies, noting key challenges associated with data volume, preservation, standardization, and accessibility. Emerging technologies relevant to deep-ocean sustainability and the blue economy include novel genomics approaches, imaging technologies, and ultra-deep hydrographic measurements. Capacity building will be necessary to integrate capabilities into programs and projects at a global scale. Progress can be facilitated by Open Science and Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, Reusable (FAIR) data principles and converge on agreed to data standards, practices, vocabularies, and registries. We envision expansion of the deep-ocean observing community to embrace the participation of academia, industry, NGOs, national governments, international governmental organizations, and the public at large in order to unlock critical knowledge contained in the deep ocean over coming decades, and to realize the mutual benefits of thoughtful deep-ocean observing for all elements of a sustainable ocean.

},
	keywords = {biodiversity, blue economy, deep sea, essential ocean variables, Ocean observation, ocean sensors},
	issn = {2296-7745},
	doi = {10.3389/fmars.2019.00241},
	url = {https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fmars.2019.00241},
	author = {Levin, Lisa A. and Bett, Brian J. and Gates, Andrew R. and Heimbach, Patrick and Howe, Bruce M. and Janssen, Felix and McCurdy, Andrea and Ruhl, Henry A. and Snelgrove, Paul and Stocks, Karen I. and Bailey, David and Baumann-Pickering, Simone and Beaverson, Chris and Benfield, Mark C. and Booth, David J. and Carreiro-Silva, Marina and Cola{\c c}o, Ana and Ebl{\'e}, Marie C. and Fowler, Ashley M. and Gjerde, Kristina M. and Jones, Daniel O. B. and Katsumata, K. and Kelley, Deborah and Le Bris, Nadine and Leonardi, Alan P. and Lejzerowicz, Franck and Macreadie, Peter I. and McLean, Dianne and Meitz, Fred and Morato, Telmo and Netburn, Amanda and Pawlowski, Jan and Smith, Craig R. and Sun, Song and Uchida, Hiroshi and Vardaro, Michael F. and Venkatesan, R. and Weller, Robert A.}
}
@article {RN108,
	title = {Integrated Observations of Global Surface Winds, Currents, and Waves: Requirements and Challenges for the Next Decade},
	journal = {Frontiers in Marine Science},
	volume = {6},
	year = {2019},
	pages = {425},
	type = {Journal Article},
	abstract = {Ocean surface winds, currents, and waves play a crucial role in exchanges of momentum, energy, heat, freshwater, gases, and other tracers between the ocean, atmosphere, and ice. Despite surface waves being strongly coupled to the upper ocean circulation and the overlying atmosphere, efforts to improve ocean, atmospheric, and wave observations and models have evolved somewhat independently. From an observational point of view, community efforts to bridge this gap have led to proposals for satellite Doppler oceanography mission concepts, which could provide unprecedented measurements of absolute surface velocity and directional wave spectrum at global scales. This paper reviews the present state of observations of surface winds, currents, and waves, and it outlines observational gaps that limit our current understanding of coupled processes that happen at the air-sea-ice interface. A significant challenge for the coming decade of wind, current, and wave observations will come in combining and interpreting measurements from (a) wave-buoys and high-frequency radars in coastal regions, (b) surface drifters and wave-enabled drifters in the open-ocean, marginal ice zones, and wave-current interaction {\textquotedblleft}hot-spots,{\textquotedblright} and (c) simultaneous measurements of absolute surface currents, ocean surface wind vector, and directional wave spectrum from Doppler satellite sensors.},
	keywords = {absolute surface velocity, air-sea interactions, Doppler oceanography from space, ocean surface winds, surface waves},
	issn = {2296-7745},
	doi = {10.3389/fmars.2019.00425},
	url = {https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fmars.2019.00425},
	author = {Villas B{\^o}as, Ana B. and Ardhuin, Fabrice and Ayet, Alex and Bourassa, Mark A. and Brandt, Peter and Chapron, Betrand and Cornuelle, Bruce D. and Farrar, J. T. and Fewings, Melanie R. and Fox-Kemper, Baylor and Gille, Sarah T. and Gommenginger, Christine and Heimbach, Patrick and Hell, Momme C. and Li, Qing and Mazloff, Matthew R. and Merrifield, Sophia T. and Mouche, Alexis and Rio, Marie H. and Rodriguez, Ernesto and Shutler, Jamie D. and Subramanian, Aneesh C. and Terrill, Eric J. and Tsamados, Michel and Ubelmann, Clement and van Sebille, Erik}
}
@article {RN297,
	title = {Observing System Evaluation Based on Ocean Data Assimilation and Prediction Systems: On-Going Challenges and a Future Vision for Designing and Supporting Ocean Observational Networks},
	journal = {Frontiers in Marine Science},
	volume = {6},
	year = {2019},
	pages = {417},
	type = {Journal Article},
	doi = {10.3389/fmars.2019.00417},
	url = {https://app.dimensions.ai/details/publication/pub.1119946952 https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmars.2019.00417/pdf},
	author = {Fujii, Yosuke and R{\'e}my, Elisabeth and Zuo, Hao and Oke, Peter and Halliwell, George and Gasparin, Florent and Benkiran, Mounir and Loose, Nora and Cummings, James and Xie, Jiping and Xue, Yan and Masuda, Shuhei and Smith, Gregory C. and Balmaseda, Magdalena and Germineaud, Cyril and Lea, Daniel J. and Larnicol, Gilles and Bertino, Laurent and Bonaduce, Antonio and Brasseur, Pierre and Donlon, Craig and Heimbach, Patrick and Kim, YoungHo and Kourafalou, Villy and Le Traon, Pierre-Yves and Martin, Matthew and Paturi, Shastri and Tranchant, Benoit and Usui, Norihisa}
}
@article {RN24,
	title = {Overturning in the Subpolar North Atlantic Program: A New International Ocean Observing System},
	journal = {Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society},
	volume = {98},
	number = {4},
	year = {2017},
	pages = {737-752},
	type = {Journal Article},
	abstract = {For decades oceanographers have understood the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC) to be primarily driven by changes in the production of deep-water formation in the subpolar and subarctic North Atlantic. Indeed, current Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) projections of an AMOC slowdown in the twenty-first century based on climate models are attributed to the inhibition of deep convection in the North Atlantic. However, observational evidence for this linkage has been elusive: there has been no clear demonstration of AMOC variability in response to changes in deep-water formation. The motivation for understanding this linkage is compelling, since the overturning circulation has been shown to sequester heat and anthropogenic carbon in the deep ocean. Furthermore, AMOC variability is expected to impact this sequestration as well as have consequences for regional and global climates through its effect on the poleward transport of warm water. Motivated by the need for a mechanistic understanding of the AMOC, an international community has assembled an observing system, Overturning in the Subpolar North Atlantic Program (OSNAP), to provide a continuous record of the transbasin fluxes of heat, mass, and freshwater, and to link that record to convective activity and water mass transformation at high latitudes. OSNAP, in conjunction with the Rapid Climate Change{\textendash}Meridional Overturning Circulation and Heatflux Array (RAPID{\textendash}MOCHA) at 26{\textdegree}N and other observational elements, will provide a comprehensive measure of the three-dimensional AMOC and an understanding of what drives its variability. The OSNAP observing system was fully deployed in the summer of 2014, and the first OSNAP data products are expected in the fall of 2017.},
	issn = {0003-0007 1520-0477},
	doi = {10.1175/bams-d-16-0057.1},
	url = {https://staging-ddpp.dimensions.ai/details/publication/pub.1038223668 http://darchive.mblwhoilibrary.org/bitstream/1912/9015/1/bams-d-16-0057.1.pdf},
	author = {Susan Lozier, M. and Bacon, Sheldon and Bower, Amy S. and Cunningham, Stuart A. and Femke de Jong, M. and de Steur, Laura and deYoung, Brad and Fischer, J{\"u}rgen and Gary, Stefan F. and Greenan, Blair J. W. and Heimbach, Patrick and Holliday, Naomi P. and Houpert, Lo{\"\i}c and Inall, Mark E. and Johns, William E. and Johnson, Helen L. and Karstensen, Johannes and Li, Feili and Lin, Xiaopei and Mackay, Neill and Marshall, David P. and Mercier, Herl{\'e} and Myers, Paul G. and Pickart, Robert S. and Pillar, Helen R. and Straneo, Fiammetta and Thierry, Virginie and Weller, Robert A. and Williams, Richard G. and Wilson, Chris and Yang, Jiayan and Zhao, Jian and Zika, Jan D.}
}
