@article {danobeitia_role_2023,
	title = {The role of the marine research infrastructures in the European marine observation landscape: present and future perspectives},
	journal = {Frontiers in Marine Science},
	volume = {10},
	year = {2023},
	abstract = {The ocean regulates the exchange, storage of carbon dioxide, plays a key role in global control of Earth climate and life, absorbs most of the heat excess from greenhouse gas emissions and provides a remarkable number of resources for the human being. Most of the geo-hazards occur in oceanic areas. Thus, high-quality systematic observations are necessary tools for improving our understanding, and subsequent assimilation to provide early warning systems. A holistic scientific approach for the understanding of the ocean{\textquoteright}s interrelated processes requires coordinated and complementary monitoring and observation programmes. Research Infrastructures (RIs) are large-scale facilities that provide resources and services for the scientific communities to conduct high-level research and foster innovation. RIs benefit from strong governance and multi-annual funding from their member states with operational life spans in decades. RIs promote knowledge, outreach and education to public, private, and policy stakeholders, and they play a key role in enabling and developing research in all scientific domains and currently represent a growing share of coordinated investment in research, and also in providing essential observations to operational services such as Copernicus. They are strategically important for Europe to lead a global movement towards a data-driven, interconnected, open digital twin that brings together different disciplines, clean technologies, public and private sectors and a broad scientific/technological community, as well as education and training. In Europe several marine RIs have been established, which are maintained by national and European Union (EU) resources. The aims of these infrastructures are aligned with the key priorities of the UN Decade of Ocean Science for Sustainable Development; and with the new European Research Area (ERA) Policy Agenda annexed to the Council conclusions on the ERA governance1, which set out 20 concrete actions for 2022-2024 to contribute to the priority areas defined in the EU Pact for R\&I2. The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate that the combined expertise and assets of Europe{\textquoteright}s marine RIs can form a comprehensive and holistic framework for long-term, sustainable integrated marine observation. Through this integration process the marine RIs can become better and better a significant pillar of the European Ocean Observing System (EOOS). Such a framework must be built as part of interfaces of interaction and promote not only scientific excellence but also innovation at all levels.},
	issn = {2296-7745},
	doi = {10.3389/fmars.2023.1047251},
	url = {https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmars.2023.1047251},
	author = {Da{\~n}obeitia, Juan Jos{\'e} and Pouliquen, Sylvie and Pade, Nicolas and Arvanitidis, Christos and Sanders, Richard and Stanica, Adrian and Gourcuff, Claire and Petihakis, George and Tegas, Valentina and Favali, Paolo}
}
@article {RN206,
	title = {The Importance of Marine Research Infrastructures in Capturing Processes and Impacts of Extreme Events},
	journal = {Frontiers in Marine Science},
	volume = {08},
	year = {2021},
	pages = {626668},
	type = {Journal Article},
	abstract = {Extreme events have long been underestimated in the extent to which they shape the surface of our planet, our environment, its ecological integrity, and the sustainability of human society. Extreme events are by definition rarely observed, of significant impact and, as a result of their spatiotemporal range, not always easily predicted. Extremes may be short-term catastrophic events such as tsunamis, or long-term evolving events such as those linked to climate change; both modify the environment, producing irreversible changes or regime shifts. Whatever the driver that triggers the extreme event, the damages are often due to a combination of several processes and their impacts can affect large areas with secondary events (domino effect), whose effects in turn may persist well beyond the duration of the trigger event itself. Early studies of extreme events were limited to opportunistic approaches: observations were made within the context of naturally occurring events with high societal impact. Given that climate change is now moving us out of a relatively static climate regime during the development of human civilization, extreme events are now a function of underlying climate shifts overlain by catastrophic processes. Their impacts are often due to synergistic factors, all relevant in understanding process dynamics; therefore, an integrated methodology has become essential to enhance the reliability of new assessments and to develop strategies to mitigate societal impacts. Here we summarize the current state of extreme event monitoring in the marine system, highlighting the advantages of a multidisciplinary approach using Research Infrastructures for providing the temporal and spatial resolution required to monitor Earth processes and enhance assessment of associated impacts.},
	keywords = {international cooperation, interoperability, marine extreme events, monitoring, multidisciplinary, research infrastructures},
	doi = {10.3389/fmars.2021.626668},
	url = {https://app.dimensions.ai/details/publication/pub.1136473721 https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmars.2021.626668/pdf},
	author = {Bue, Nadia Lo and Best, Mairi M. R. and Embriaco, Davide and Abeysirigunawardena, Dilumie and Beranzoli, Laura and Dewey, Richard K. and Favali, Paolo and Feng, Ming and Heesemann, Martin and Leijala, Ulpu and {\'O}{\textquoteright}Conchubhair, Diarmuid and Scherwath, Martin and Scoccimarro, Enrico and Wernberg, Thomas}
}
@article {RN97,
	title = {Volcanic Tremor of Mt. Etna (Italy) Recorded by NEMO-SN1 Seafloor Observatory: A New Perspective on Volcanic Eruptions Monitoring},
	journal = {Geosciences},
	volume = {9},
	number = {3},
	year = {2019},
	pages = {115},
	type = {Journal Article},
	abstract = {The NEMO-SN1 seafloor observatory, located 2100 m below sea level and about 40 km from Mt. Etna volcano, normally records a background seismic signal called oceanographic noise. This signal is characterized by high amplitude increases, lasting up to a few days, and by two typical 0.1 and 0.3 Hz frequencies in its spectrum. Particle motion analysis shows a strong E-W directivity, coinciding with the direction of sea waves; gravity waves induced by local winds are considered the main source of oceanographic noise. During the deployment of NEMO-SN1, the vigorous 2002{\textendash}2003 Mt. Etna eruption occurred. High-amplitude background signals were recorded during the explosive episodes accompanying the eruption. The spectral content of this signal ranges from 0.1 to 4 Hz, with the most powerful signal in the 0.5{\textendash}2 Hz band, typical of an Etna volcanic tremor. The tremor recorded by NEMO-SN1 shows a strong NW-SE directivity towards the volcano. Since the receiver is underwater, we inferred the presence of a circulation of magmatic fluids extended under the seafloor. This process is able to generate a signal strong enough to be recorded by the NEMO-SN1 seafloor observatory that hides frequencies linked to the oceanographic noise, permitting the offshore monitoring of the volcanic activity of Mt. Etna.},
	keywords = {Mt. Etna volcano, oceanographic noise, volcanic monitoring by seafloor observatories, volcanic tremor},
	doi = {10.3390/geosciences9030115},
	url = {https://app.dimensions.ai/details/publication/pub.1112570519 https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3263/9/3/115/pdf},
	author = {Sgroi, Tiziana and Di Grazia, Giuseppe and Favali, Paolo}
}
