@article {gemba_basin_2023,
	title = {Basin scale coherence of Kauai-Beacon m-sequence transmissions received at Wake Island and Monterey, CA},
	journal = {JASA Express Letters},
	volume = {3},
	number = {8},
	year = {2023},
	pages = {080801},
	abstract = {The 75 Hz Kauai-Beacon source is well-situated for observing the North Pacific Ocean acoustically, and ongoing efforts enable transmissions and analysis of broadband signals in 2023 and beyond. This is the first demonstration of acoustic receiving along paths to Wake Island (\~{}3500 km) and Monterey Bay (\~{}4000 km). The 44 received m-sequence waveforms exhibit excellent phase stability with processing gain approaching the maximum theoretical gain evaluated over the 20 min signal transmission duration. The article concludes with a discussion on the future source utility and highlights research topics of interest, including observed Doppler (waveform dilation), thermometry, and tomography.},
	issn = {2691-1191},
	doi = {10.1121/10.0020514},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1121/10.0020514},
	author = {Gemba, Kay L. and Durofchalk, Nicholas C. and Dall{\textquoteright}Osto, David R. and Andrew, Rex K. and Leary, Paul and Howe, Bruce M. and Smith, Kevin B.}
}
@article {howe_smart_2022,
	title = {SMART Subsea Cables for Observing the Earth and Ocean, Mitigating Environmental Hazards, and Supporting the Blue Economy},
	journal = {Frontiers in Earth Science},
	volume = {9},
	year = {2022},
	abstract = {The Joint Task Force, Science Monitoring And Reliable Telecommunications (JTF SMART) Subsea Cables, is working to integrate environmental sensors for ocean bottom temperature, pressure, and seismic acceleration into submarine telecommunications cables. The purpose of SMART Cables is to support climate and ocean observation, sea level monitoring, observations of Earth structure, and tsunami and earthquake early warning and disaster risk reduction, including hazard quantification. Recent advances include regional SMART pilot systems that are the first steps to trans-ocean and global implementation. Examples of pilots include: InSEA wet demonstration project off Sicily at the European Multidisciplinary Seafloor and water column Observatory Western Ionian Facility; New Caledonia and Vanuatu; French Polynesia Natitua South system connecting Tahiti to Tubaui to the south; Indonesia starting with short pilot systems working toward systems for the Sumatra-Java megathrust zone; and the CAM-2 ring system connecting Lisbon, Azores, and Madeira. This paper describes observing system simulations for these and other regions. Funding reflects a blend of government, development bank, philanthropic foundation, and commercial contributions. In addition to notable scientific and societal benefits, the telecommunications enterprise{\textquoteright}s mission of global connectivity will benefit directly, as environmental awareness improves both the integrity of individual cable systems as well as the resilience of the overall global communications network. SMART cables support the outcomes of a predicted, safe, and transparent ocean as envisioned by the UN Decade of Ocean Science for Sustainable Development and the Blue Economy. As a continuation of the OceanObs{\textquoteright}19 conference and community white paper (Howe et al., 2019, doi: 10.3389/fmars.2019.00424), an overview of the SMART programme and a description of the status of ongoing projects are given.},
	issn = {2296-6463},
	doi = {10.3389/feart.2021.775544},
	url = {https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/feart.2021.775544},
	author = {Howe, Bruce M. and Angove, Michael and Aucan, J{\'e}rome and Barnes, Christopher R. and Barros, Jos{\'e} S. and Bayliff, Nigel and Becker, Nathan C. and Carrilho, Fernando and Fouch, Matthew J. and Fry, Bill and Jamelot, Anthony and Janiszewski, Helen and Kong, Laura S. L. and Lentz, Stephen and Luther, Douglas S. and Marinaro, Giuditta and Matias, Lu{\'\i}s Manuel and Rowe, Charlotte A. and Sakya, Andi E. and Salaree, Amir and Thiele, Torsten and Tilmann, Frederik J. and von Hillebrandt-Andrade, Christa and Wallace, Laura and Weinstein, Stuart and Wilcock, William}
}
@article {RN113,
	title = {Global Observing Needs in the Deep Ocean},
	journal = {Frontiers in Marine Science},
	volume = {6},
	year = {2019},
	pages = {241},
	type = {Journal Article},
	abstract = {The deep ocean below 200 m water depth is the least observed, but largest habitat on our planet by volume and area. Over 150 years of exploration has revealed that this dynamic system provides critical climate regulation, houses a wealth of energy, mineral, and biological resources, and represents a vast repository of biological diversity. A long history of deep-ocean exploration and observation led to the initial concept for the Deep-Ocean Observing Strategy (DOOS), under the auspices of the Global Ocean Observing System (GOOS). Here we discuss the scientific need for globally integrated deep-ocean observing, its status, and the key scientific questions and societal mandates driving observing requirements over the next decade. We consider the Essential Ocean Variables (EOVs) needed to address deep-ocean challenges within the physical, biogeochemical, and biological/ecosystem sciences according to the Framework for Ocean Observing (FOO), and map these onto scientific questions. Opportunities for new and expanded synergies among deep-ocean stakeholders are discussed, including academic-industry partnerships with the oil and gas, mining, cable and fishing industries, the ocean exploration and mapping community, and biodiversity conservation initiatives. Future deep-ocean observing will benefit from the greater integration across traditional disciplines and sectors, achieved through demonstration projects and facilitated reuse and repurposing of existing deep-sea data efforts. We highlight examples of existing and emerging deep-sea methods and technologies, noting key challenges associated with data volume, preservation, standardization, and accessibility. Emerging technologies relevant to deep-ocean sustainability and the blue economy include novel genomics approaches, imaging technologies, and ultra-deep hydrographic measurements. Capacity building will be necessary to integrate capabilities into programs and projects at a global scale. Progress can be facilitated by Open Science and Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, Reusable (FAIR) data principles and converge on agreed to data standards, practices, vocabularies, and registries. We envision expansion of the deep-ocean observing community to embrace the participation of academia, industry, NGOs, national governments, international governmental organizations, and the public at large in order to unlock critical knowledge contained in the deep ocean over coming decades, and to realize the mutual benefits of thoughtful deep-ocean observing for all elements of a sustainable ocean.

},
	keywords = {biodiversity, blue economy, deep sea, essential ocean variables, Ocean observation, ocean sensors},
	issn = {2296-7745},
	doi = {10.3389/fmars.2019.00241},
	url = {https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fmars.2019.00241},
	author = {Levin, Lisa A. and Bett, Brian J. and Gates, Andrew R. and Heimbach, Patrick and Howe, Bruce M. and Janssen, Felix and McCurdy, Andrea and Ruhl, Henry A. and Snelgrove, Paul and Stocks, Karen I. and Bailey, David and Baumann-Pickering, Simone and Beaverson, Chris and Benfield, Mark C. and Booth, David J. and Carreiro-Silva, Marina and Cola{\c c}o, Ana and Ebl{\'e}, Marie C. and Fowler, Ashley M. and Gjerde, Kristina M. and Jones, Daniel O. B. and Katsumata, K. and Kelley, Deborah and Le Bris, Nadine and Leonardi, Alan P. and Lejzerowicz, Franck and Macreadie, Peter I. and McLean, Dianne and Meitz, Fred and Morato, Telmo and Netburn, Amanda and Pawlowski, Jan and Smith, Craig R. and Sun, Song and Uchida, Hiroshi and Vardaro, Michael F. and Venkatesan, R. and Weller, Robert A.}
}
@article {RN110,
	title = {SMART Cables for Observing the Global Ocean: Science and Implementation},
	journal = {Frontiers in Marine Science},
	volume = {6},
	year = {2019},
	pages = {424},
	type = {Journal Article},
	abstract = {The ocean is key to understanding societal threats including climate change, sea level rise, ocean warming, tsunamis, and earthquakes. Because the ocean is difficult and costly to monitor, we lack fundamental data needed to adequately model, understand, and address these threats. One solution is to integrate sensors into future undersea telecommunications cables. This is the mission of the SMART subsea cables initiative (Science Monitoring And Reliable Telecommunications). SMART sensors would {\textquotedblleft}piggyback{\textquotedblright} on the power and communications infrastructure of a million kilometers of undersea fiber optic cable and thousands of repeaters, creating the potential for seafloor-based global ocean observing at a modest incremental cost. Initial sensors would measure temperature, pressure, and seismic acceleration. The resulting data would address two critical scientific and societal issues: the long-term need for sustained climate-quality data from the under-sampled ocean (e.g., deep ocean temperature, sea level, and circulation), and the near-term need for improvements to global tsunami warning networks. A Joint Task Force (JTF) led by three UN agencies (ITU/WMO/UNESCO-IOC) is working to bring this initiative to fruition. This paper explores the ocean science and early warning improvements available from SMART cable data, and the societal, technological, and financial elements of realizing such a global network. Simulations show that deep ocean temperature and pressure measurements can improve estimates of ocean circulation and heat content, and cable-based pressure and seismic-acceleration sensors can improve tsunami warning times and earthquake parameters. The technology of integrating these sensors into fiber optic cables is discussed, addressing sea and land-based elements plus delivery of real-time open data products to end users. The science and business case for SMART cables is evaluated. SMART cables have been endorsed by major ocean science organizations, and JTF is working with cable suppliers and sponsors, multilateral development banks and end users to incorporate SMART capabilities into future cable projects. By investing now, we can build up a global ocean network of long-lived SMART cable sensors, creating a transformative addition to the Global Ocean Observing System.

},
	keywords = {ocean cabled observatories, ocean circulation, ocean observing, SMART subsea cables, submarine telecommunications cables, tsunami early warning, UN Joint Task Force},
	issn = {2296-7745},
	doi = {10.3389/fmars.2019.00424},
	url = {https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fmars.2019.00424},
	author = {Howe, Bruce M. and Arbic, Brian K. and Aucan, J{\'e}rome and Barnes, Christopher R. and Bayliff, Nigel and Becker, Nathan and Butler, Rhett and Doyle, Laurie and Elipot, Shane and Johnson, Gregory C. and Landerer, Felix and Lentz, Stephen and Luther, Douglas S. and M{\"u}ller, Malte and Mariano, John and Panayotou, Kate and Rowe, Charlotte and Ota, Hiroshi and Song, Y. Tony and Thomas, Maik and Thomas, Preston N. and Thompson, Philip and Tilmann, Frederik and Weber, Tobias and Weinstein, Stuart}
}
