@article {josey_clearer_2023,
	title = {A clearer view of Southern Ocean air{\textendash}sea interaction using surface heat flux asymmetry},
	journal = {Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences},
	volume = {381},
	number = {2249},
	year = {2023},
	note = {Publisher: Royal Society},
	month = {may},
	pages = {20220067},
	abstract = {Progress in understanding Southern Ocean heat exchange and wind forcing is discussed and new results presented. These include a metric of the zonal asymmetry between surface ocean heat gain in the Atlantic/Indian sector and heat loss in the Pacific sector. The asymmetry arises from an intersector variation in the humidity gradient between the sea surface and near-surface atmosphere. This gradient increases by 60\% in the Pacific sector enabling a 20 Wm-2 stronger latent heat loss compared with the Atlantic/Indian sector. The new metric is used for intercomparison of atmospheric reanalyses and CMIP6 climate simulations. CMIP6 has weaker Atlantic/Indian sector heat gain compared with the reanalyses primarily due to Indian Ocean sector differences. The potential for surface flux buoys to provide an observation-based counterpart to the asymmetry metric is explored. Over the past decade, flux buoys have been deployed at two sites (south of Tasmania and upstream of Drake Passage). The data record provided by these moorings is assessed and an argument developed for a third buoy to sample the Atlantic/Indian sector of the asymmetry metric. To close, we assess evidence that the main westerly wind belt has strengthened and moved southward in recent decades using the ERA5 reanalysis. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue {\textquoteright}Heat and carbon uptake in the Southern Ocean: the state of the art and future priorities{\textquoteright}.},
	keywords = {air{\textendash}sea heat flux, Southern Ocean, wind stress},
	doi = {10.1098/rsta.2022.0067},
	url = {https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/full/10.1098/rsta.2022.0067},
	author = {Josey, Simon A. and Grist, Jeremy P. and Mecking, Jennifer V. and Moat, Ben I. and Schulz, Eric}
}
@article {meijers_finale_2023,
	title = {Finale: impact of the ORCHESTRA/ENCORE programmes on Southern Ocean heat and carbon understanding},
	journal = {Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences},
	volume = {381},
	number = {2249},
	year = {2023},
	note = {Publisher: Royal Society},
	month = {may},
	pages = {20220070},
	abstract = {The 5-year Ocean Regulation of Climate by Heat and Carbon Sequestration and Transports (ORCHESTRA) programme and its 1-year extension ENCORE (ENCORE is the National Capability ORCHESTRA Extension) was an approximately 11-million-pound programme involving seven UK research centres that finished in March 2022. The project sought to radically improve our ability to measure, understand and predict the exchange, storage and export of heat and carbon by the Southern Ocean. It achieved this through a series of milestone observational campaigns in combination with model development and analysis. Twelve cruises in the Weddell Sea and South Atlantic were undertaken, along with mooring, glider and profiler deployments and aircraft missions, all contributing to measurements of internal ocean and air{\textendash}sea heat and carbon fluxes. Numerous forward and adjoint numerical experiments were developed and supported by the analysis of coupled climate models. The programme has resulted in over 100 peer-reviewed publications to date as well as significant impacts on climate assessments and policy and science coordination groups. Here, we summarize the research highlights of the programme and assess the progress achieved by ORCHESTRA/ENCORE and the questions it raises for the future. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue {\textquoteleft}Heat and carbon uptake in the Southern Ocean: the state of the art and future priorities{\textquoteright}.},
	keywords = {climate, ocean carbon, ocean circulation, ocean heat, ocean{\textendash}atmosphere fluxes, Southern Ocean},
	doi = {10.1098/rsta.2022.0070},
	url = {https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/full/10.1098/rsta.2022.0070},
	author = {Meijers, Andrew J. S. and Meredith, Michael P. and Shuckburgh, Emily F. and Kent, Elizabeth C. and Munday, David R. and Firing, Yvonne L. and King, Brian and Smyth, Tim J. and Leng, Melanie J. and George Nurser, A. J. and Hewitt, Helene T. and Povl Abrahamsen, E. and Weiss, Alexandra and Yang, Mingxi and Bell, Thomas G. and Alexander Brearley, J. and Boland, Emma J. D. and Jones, Daniel C. and Josey, Simon A. and Owen, Robyn P. and Grist, Jeremy P. and Blaker, Adam T. and Biri, Stavroula and Yelland, Margaret J. and Pimm, Ciara and Zhou, Shenjie and Harle, James and Cornes, Richard C.}
}
@article {RN290,
	title = {Role of air{\textendash}sea fluxes and ocean surface density in the production of deep waters in the eastern subpolar gyre of the North Atlantic},
	journal = {Ocean Science},
	volume = {17},
	number = {5},
	year = {2021},
	pages = {1353-1365},
	type = {Journal Article},
	doi = {10.5194/os-17-1353-2021},
	url = {https://app.dimensions.ai/details/publication/pub.1141645433 https://os.copernicus.org/articles/17/1353/2021/os-17-1353-2021.pdf},
	author = {Petit, Tillys and Lozier, M. Susan and Josey, Simon A. and Cunningham, Stuart A.}
}
@article {RN278,
	title = {Atlantic Deep Water Formation Occurs Primarily in the Iceland Basin and Irminger Sea by Local Buoyancy Forcing},
	journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
	volume = {47},
	number = {22},
	year = {2020},
	type = {Journal Article},
	doi = {10.1029/2020gl091028},
	url = {https://app.dimensions.ai/details/publication/pub.1132581129 http://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/529098/1/2020GL091028.pdf},
	author = {Petit, Tillys and Lozier, M. Susan and Josey, Simon A. and Cunningham, Stuart A.}
}
@article {RN109,
	title = {Air-Sea Fluxes With a Focus on Heat and Momentum},
	journal = {Frontiers in Marine Science},
	volume = {6},
	year = {2019},
	pages = {430},
	type = {Journal Article},
	abstract = {Turbulent and radiative exchanges of heat between the ocean and atmosphere (hereafter heat fluxes), ocean surface wind stress, and state variables used to estimate them, are Essential Ocean Variables (EOVs) and Essential Climate Variables (ECVs) influencing weather and climate. This paper describes an observational strategy for producing 3-hourly, 25-km (and an aspirational goal of hourly at 10-km) heat flux and wind stress fields over the global, ice-free ocean with breakthrough 1-day random uncertainty of 15 W m{\textendash}2 and a bias of less than 5 W m{\textendash}2. At present this accuracy target is met only for OceanSITES reference station moorings and research vessels (RVs) that follow best practices. To meet these targets globally, in the next decade, satellite-based observations must be optimized for boundary layer measurements of air temperature, humidity, sea surface temperature, and ocean wind stress. In order to tune and validate these satellite measurements, a complementary global in situ flux array, built around an expanded OceanSITES network of time series reference station moorings, is also needed. The array would include 500{\textendash}1000 measurement platforms, including autonomous surface vehicles, moored and drifting buoys, RVs, the existing OceanSITES network of 22 flux sites, and new OceanSITES expanded in 19 key regions. This array would be globally distributed, with 1{\textendash}3 measurement platforms in each nominal 10{\textdegree} by 10{\textdegree} box. These improved moisture and temperature profiles and surface data, if assimilated into Numerical Weather Prediction (NWP) models, would lead to better representation of cloud formation processes, improving state variables and surface radiative and turbulent fluxes from these models. The in situ flux array provides globally distributed measurements and metrics for satellite algorithm development, product validation, and for improving satellite-based, NWP and blended flux products. In addition, some of these flux platforms will also measure direct turbulent fluxes, which can be used to improve algorithms for computation of air-sea exchange of heat and momentum in flux products and models. With these improved air-sea fluxes, the ocean{\textquoteright}s influence on the atmosphere will be better quantified and lead to improved long-term weather forecasts, seasonal-interannual-decadal climate predictions, and regional climate projections.},
	keywords = {air-sea heat flux, autonomous surface vehicle, ICOADS, latent heat flux, ocean wind stress, OceanSITES, satellite-based ocean monitoring system, surface radiation},
	issn = {2296-7745},
	doi = {10.3389/fmars.2019.00430},
	url = {https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fmars.2019.00430},
	author = {Cronin, Meghan F. and Gentemann, Chelle L. and Edson, James and Ueki, Iwao and Bourassa, Mark and Brown, Shannon and Clayson, Carol Anne and Fairall, Chris W. and Farrar, J. Thomas and Gille, Sarah T. and Gulev, Sergey and Josey, Simon A. and Kato, Seiji and Katsumata, Masaki and Kent, Elizabeth and Krug, Marjolaine and Minnett, Peter J. and Parfitt, Rhys and Pinker, Rachel T. and Stackhouse, Paul W. and Swart, Sebastiaan and Tomita, Hiroyuki and Vandemark, Douglas and Weller, A. Robert and Yoneyama, Kunio and Yu, Lisan and Zhang, Dongxiao}
}
