@article {cronin_pmel_2023,
	title = {PMEL Ocean Climate Stations as Reference Time Series and Research Aggregate Devices},
	journal = {Oceanography},
	volume = {36},
	number = {2-3},
	year = {2023},
	pages = {46{\textendash}53},
	abstract = {The NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory (PMEL) Ocean Climate Stations (OCS) project provides in situ measurements for quantifying air-sea interactions that couple the ocean and atmosphere. The project maintains two OceanSITES surface moorings in the North Pacific, one at the Kuroshio Extension Observatory in the Northwest Pacific subtropical recirculation gyre and the other at Station Papa in the Northeast Pacific subpolar gyre. OCS mooring time series are used as in situ references for assessing satellite and numerical weather prediction models. A spinoff of the PMEL Tropical Atmosphere Ocean (TAO) project, OCS moorings have acted as {\textquotedblleft}research aggregating devices.{\textquotedblright} Working with and attracting wide-ranging partners, OCS scientists have collected process-​oriented observations of variability on diurnal, synoptic, seasonal, and interannual timescales, and trends associated with anthropogenic climate change. Since 2016, they have worked to expand, test, and verify the observing capabilities of uncrewed surface vehicles and to develop observing strategies for integrating these unique, wind-powered observing platforms within the tropical Pacific and global ocean observing system. PMEL OCS has been at the center of the UN Decade of Ocean Sciences for Sustainable Development (2021{\textendash}2030) effort to develop an Observing Air-Sea Interactions Strategy (OASIS) that links an expanded network of in situ air-sea interaction observations to optimized satellite observations, improved ocean and atmospheric coupling in Earth system models, and ultimately improved ocean information across an array of essential climate variables for decision-makers. This retrospective highlights not only achievements of the PMEL OCS project but also some of its challenges.},
	doi = {10.5670/oceanog.2023.224},
	url = {https://tos.org/oceanography/article/pmel-ocean-climate-stations-as-reference-time-seriesand-research-aggregate-devices$\#$citation},
	author = {Cronin, Meghan F. and Anderson, Nathan D. and Zhang, Dongxiao and Berk, Patrick and Wills, Samantha M. and Serra, Yolande and Kohlman, Catherine and Sutton, Adrienne J. and Honda, Makio C. and Kawai, Yoshimi and Yang, Jie and Thomson, Jim and Lawrence-Slavas, Noah and Eyre, Jack Reeves and Meinig, Christian}
}
@article {RN109,
	title = {Air-Sea Fluxes With a Focus on Heat and Momentum},
	journal = {Frontiers in Marine Science},
	volume = {6},
	year = {2019},
	pages = {430},
	type = {Journal Article},
	abstract = {Turbulent and radiative exchanges of heat between the ocean and atmosphere (hereafter heat fluxes), ocean surface wind stress, and state variables used to estimate them, are Essential Ocean Variables (EOVs) and Essential Climate Variables (ECVs) influencing weather and climate. This paper describes an observational strategy for producing 3-hourly, 25-km (and an aspirational goal of hourly at 10-km) heat flux and wind stress fields over the global, ice-free ocean with breakthrough 1-day random uncertainty of 15 W m{\textendash}2 and a bias of less than 5 W m{\textendash}2. At present this accuracy target is met only for OceanSITES reference station moorings and research vessels (RVs) that follow best practices. To meet these targets globally, in the next decade, satellite-based observations must be optimized for boundary layer measurements of air temperature, humidity, sea surface temperature, and ocean wind stress. In order to tune and validate these satellite measurements, a complementary global in situ flux array, built around an expanded OceanSITES network of time series reference station moorings, is also needed. The array would include 500{\textendash}1000 measurement platforms, including autonomous surface vehicles, moored and drifting buoys, RVs, the existing OceanSITES network of 22 flux sites, and new OceanSITES expanded in 19 key regions. This array would be globally distributed, with 1{\textendash}3 measurement platforms in each nominal 10{\textdegree} by 10{\textdegree} box. These improved moisture and temperature profiles and surface data, if assimilated into Numerical Weather Prediction (NWP) models, would lead to better representation of cloud formation processes, improving state variables and surface radiative and turbulent fluxes from these models. The in situ flux array provides globally distributed measurements and metrics for satellite algorithm development, product validation, and for improving satellite-based, NWP and blended flux products. In addition, some of these flux platforms will also measure direct turbulent fluxes, which can be used to improve algorithms for computation of air-sea exchange of heat and momentum in flux products and models. With these improved air-sea fluxes, the ocean{\textquoteright}s influence on the atmosphere will be better quantified and lead to improved long-term weather forecasts, seasonal-interannual-decadal climate predictions, and regional climate projections.},
	keywords = {air-sea heat flux, autonomous surface vehicle, ICOADS, latent heat flux, ocean wind stress, OceanSITES, satellite-based ocean monitoring system, surface radiation},
	issn = {2296-7745},
	doi = {10.3389/fmars.2019.00430},
	url = {https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fmars.2019.00430},
	author = {Cronin, Meghan F. and Gentemann, Chelle L. and Edson, James and Ueki, Iwao and Bourassa, Mark and Brown, Shannon and Clayson, Carol Anne and Fairall, Chris W. and Farrar, J. Thomas and Gille, Sarah T. and Gulev, Sergey and Josey, Simon A. and Kato, Seiji and Katsumata, Masaki and Kent, Elizabeth and Krug, Marjolaine and Minnett, Peter J. and Parfitt, Rhys and Pinker, Rachel T. and Stackhouse, Paul W. and Swart, Sebastiaan and Tomita, Hiroyuki and Vandemark, Douglas and Weller, A. Robert and Yoneyama, Kunio and Yu, Lisan and Zhang, Dongxiao}
}
@article {RN103,
	title = {Global Perspectives on Observing Ocean Boundary Current Systems},
	journal = {Frontiers in Marine Science},
	volume = {6},
	year = {2019},
	pages = {423},
	type = {Journal Article},
	abstract = {Ocean boundary current systems are key components of the climate system, are home to highly productive ecosystems, and have numerous societal impacts. Establishment of a global network of boundary current observing systems is a critical part of ongoing development of the Global Ocean Observing System. The characteristics of boundary current systems are reviewed, focusing on scientific and societal motivations for sustained observing. Techniques currently used to observe boundary current systems are reviewed, followed by a census of the current state of boundary current observing systems globally. The next steps in the development of boundary current observing systems are considered, leading to several specific recommendations.},
	keywords = {autonomous underwater gliders, drifters, eastern boundary current systems, moorings, ocean observing systems, remote sensing, time series, western boundary current systems},
	issn = {2296-7745},
	doi = {10.3389/fmars.2019.00423},
	url = {https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fmars.2019.00423},
	author = {Todd, Robert E. and Chavez, Francisco P. and Clayton, Sophie and Cravatte, Sophie and Goes, Marlos and Graco, Michelle and Lin, Xiaopei and Sprintall, Janet and Zilberman, Nathalie V. and Archer, Matthew and Ar{\'\i}stegui, Javier and Balmaseda, Magdalena and Bane, John M. and Baringer, Molly O. and Barth, John A. and Beal, Lisa M. and Brandt, Peter and Calil, Paulo H. R. and Campos, Edmo and Centurioni, Luca R. and Chidichimo, Maria Paz and Cirano, Mauro and Cronin, Meghan F. and Curchitser, Enrique N. and Davis, Russ E. and Dengler, Marcus and deYoung, Brad and Dong, Shenfu and Escribano, Ruben and Fassbender, Andrea J. and Fawcett, Sarah E. and Feng, Ming and Goni, Gustavo J. and Gray, Alison R. and Guti{\'e}rrez, Dimitri and Hebert, Dave and Hummels, Rebecca and Ito, Shin-ichi and Krug, Marjorlaine and Lacan, Fran{\c c}ois and Laurindo, Lucas and Lazar, Alban and Lee, Craig M. and Lengaigne, Matthieu and Levine, Naomi M. and Middleton, John and Montes, Ivonne and Muglia, Mike and Nagai, Takeyoshi and Palevsky, Hilary I. and Palter, Jaime B. and Phillips, Helen E. and Piola, Alberto and Plueddemann, Albert J. and Qiu, Bo and Rodrigues, Regina R. and Roughan, Moninya and Rudnick, Daniel L. and Rykaczewski, Ryan R. and Saraceno, Martin and Seim, Harvey and Gupta, Alex Sen and Shannon, Lynne and Sloyan, Bernadette M. and Sutton, Adrienne J. and Thompson, LuAnne and Plas, Anja K. van der and Volkov, Denis and Wilkin, John and Zhang, Dongxiao and Zhang, Linlin}
}
