@article {RN67,
	title = {Better Regional Ocean Observing Through Cross-National Cooperation: A Case Study From the Northeast Pacific},
	journal = {Frontiers in Marine Science},
	volume = {6},
	year = {2019},
	pages = {93},
	type = {Journal Article},
	abstract = {The ocean knows no political borders. Ocean processes, like summertime wind-driven upwelling, stretch thousands of kilometers along the Northeast Pacific (NEP) coast. This upwelling drives marine ecosystem productivity and is modulated by weather systems and seasonal to interdecadal ocean-atmosphere variability. Major ocean currents in the NEP transport water properties such as heat, fresh water, nutrients, dissolved oxygen, pCO2, and pH close to the shore. The eastward North Pacific Current bifurcates offshore in the NEP, delivering open-ocean signals south into the California Current and north into the Gulf of Alaska. There is a large and growing number of NEP ocean observing elements operated by government agencies, Native American Tribes, First Nations groups, not-for-profit organizations, and private entities. Observing elements include moored and mobile platforms, shipboard repeat cruises, as well as land-based and estuarine stations. A wide range of multidisciplinary ocean sensors are deployed to track, for example, upwelling, downwelling, ocean productivity, harmful algal blooms, ocean acidification and hypoxia, seismic activity and tsunami wave propagation. Data delivery to shore and observatory controls are done through satellite and cell phone communication, and via seafloor cables. Remote sensing from satellites and land-based coastal radar provide broader spatial coverage, while numerical circulation and biogeochemical modeling complement ocean observing efforts. Models span from the deep ocean into the inland Salish Sea and estuaries. NEP ocean observing systems are used to understand regional processes and, together with numerical models, provide ocean forecasts. By sharing data, experiences and lessons learned, the regional ocean observatory is better than the sum of its parts.

},
	keywords = {coastal oceanography, data delivery, marine eco system, ocean model and observations comparison, Ocean observation},
	issn = {2296-7745},
	doi = {10.3389/fmars.2019.00093},
	url = {https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fmars.2019.00093},
	author = {Barth, John A. and Allen, Susan E. and Dever, Edward P. and Dewey, Richard K. and Evans, Wiley and Feely, Richard A. and Fisher, Jennifer L. and Fram, Jonathan P. and Hales, Burke and Ianson, Debby and Jackson, Jennifer and Juniper, Kim and Kawka, Orest and Kelley, Deborah and Klymak, Jody M. and Konovsky, John and Kosro, P. Michael and Kurapov, Alexander and Mayorga, Emilio and MacCready, Parker and Newton, Jan and Perry, R. Ian and Risien, Craig M. and Robert, Marie and Ross, Tetjana and Shearman, R. Kipp and Schumacker, Joe and Siedlecki, Samantha and Trainer, Vera L. and Waterman, Stephanie and Wingard, Christopher E.}
}
@article {RN69,
	title = {The Ocean Observatories Initiative},
	journal = {Frontiers in Marine Science},
	volume = {6},
	year = {2019},
	pages = {74},
	type = {Journal Article},
	abstract = {The Ocean Observatories Initiative (OOI) is an integrated network that enables scientific investigation of interlinked physical, chemical, biological and geological processes throughout the global ocean. With near real-time data delivery via a common Cyberinfrastructure, the OOI instruments two contrasting ocean systems at three scales. The Regional Cabled Array instruments a tectonic plate and overlying ocean in the northeast Pacific, providing a permanent electro-optical cable connecting multiple seafloor nodes that provide high power and bandwidth to seafloor sensors and moorings with instrumented wire crawlers, all with speed-of-light interactive capabilities. Coastal arrays include the Pioneer Array, a relocatable system currently quantifying the New England shelf-break front, and the Endurance Array, a fixed system off Washington and Oregon with connections to the Regional Cabled Array. The Global Arrays host deep-ocean moorings and gliders to provide interdisciplinary measurements of the water column, mesoscale variability, and air-sea fluxes at critical high latitude locations. The OOI has unique aspects relevant to the international ocean observing community. The OOI uses common sensor types, verification protocols, and data formats across multiple platform types in diverse oceanographic regimes. OOI observing is sustained, with initial deployment in 2013 and 25 years of operation planned. The OOI is distributed among sites selected for scientific relevance based on community input and linked by important oceanographic processes. Scientific highlights include real-time observations of a submarine volcanic eruption, time-series observations of methane bubble plumes from Southern Hydrate Ridge off Oregon, observations of anomalous low-salinity pulses off Oregon, discovery of new mechanisms for intrusions of the Gulf Stream onto the shelf in the Middle Atlantic Bight, documentation of deep winter convection in the Irminger Sea, and observations of extreme surface forcing at the most southerly surface mooring in the world ocean.

},
	keywords = {biological oceanography, chemical oceanography, marine geology and geophysics, ocean engineering, ocean observing, physical oceanography},
	issn = {2296-7745},
	doi = {10.3389/fmars.2019.00074},
	url = {https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fmars.2019.00074},
	author = {Trowbridge, John and Weller, Robert and Kelley, Deborah and Dever, Edward and Plueddemann, Albert and Barth, John A. and Kawka, Orest}
}
