@article {bruciaferri_localized_2024,
	title = {Localized General Vertical Coordinates for Quasi-Eulerian Ocean Models: The Nordic Overflows Test-Case},
	journal = {Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems},
	volume = {16},
	number = {3},
	year = {2024},
	note = {_eprint: https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1029/2023MS003893},
	pages = {e2023MS003893},
	abstract = {A generalized methodology to deploy different types of vertical coordinate system in arbitrarily defined time-invariant local areas of quasi-Eulerian numerical ocean models is presented. After detailing its characteristics, we show how the general localization method can be used to improve the representation of the Nordic Seas overflows in the UK Met Office NEMO-based eddy-permitting global ocean configuration. Three z*-levels with partial steps configurations localizing different types of hybrid geopotential/terrain-following vertical coordinates in the proximity of the Greenland-Scotland ridge are implemented and compared against a control configuration. Experiments include a series of idealized and realistic numerical simulations where the skill of the models in computing pressure forces, reducing spurious diapycnal mixing and reproducing observed properties of the Nordic Seas overflows are assessed. Numerical results prove that the localization approach proposed here can be successfully used to embed terrain-following levels in a global geopotential levels-based configuration, provided that the localized vertical coordinate chosen is flexible enough to allow a smooth transition between the two. In addition, our experiments show that deploying localized terrain-following levels via the multi-envelope method allows the crucial reduction of spurious cross-isopycnal mixing when modeling bottom intensified buoyancy driven currents, significantly improving the realism of the Nordic Seas overflows simulations in comparison to the other configurations. Important hydrographic biases are found to similarly affect all the realistic experiments and a discussion on how their interaction with the type of localized vertical coordinate affects the realism of the simulated overflows is provided.},
	keywords = {Nordic overflows, ocean modeling, vertical coordinates},
	issn = {1942-2466},
	doi = {10.1029/2023MS003893},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1029/2023MS003893},
	author = {Bruciaferri, Diego and Guiavarc{\textquoteright}h, Catherine and Hewitt, Helene T. and Harle, James and Almansi, Mattia and Mathiot, Pierre and Colombo, Pedro}
}
@article {meijers_finale_2023,
	title = {Finale: impact of the ORCHESTRA/ENCORE programmes on Southern Ocean heat and carbon understanding},
	journal = {Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences},
	volume = {381},
	number = {2249},
	year = {2023},
	note = {Publisher: Royal Society},
	month = {may},
	pages = {20220070},
	abstract = {The 5-year Ocean Regulation of Climate by Heat and Carbon Sequestration and Transports (ORCHESTRA) programme and its 1-year extension ENCORE (ENCORE is the National Capability ORCHESTRA Extension) was an approximately 11-million-pound programme involving seven UK research centres that finished in March 2022. The project sought to radically improve our ability to measure, understand and predict the exchange, storage and export of heat and carbon by the Southern Ocean. It achieved this through a series of milestone observational campaigns in combination with model development and analysis. Twelve cruises in the Weddell Sea and South Atlantic were undertaken, along with mooring, glider and profiler deployments and aircraft missions, all contributing to measurements of internal ocean and air{\textendash}sea heat and carbon fluxes. Numerous forward and adjoint numerical experiments were developed and supported by the analysis of coupled climate models. The programme has resulted in over 100 peer-reviewed publications to date as well as significant impacts on climate assessments and policy and science coordination groups. Here, we summarize the research highlights of the programme and assess the progress achieved by ORCHESTRA/ENCORE and the questions it raises for the future. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue {\textquoteleft}Heat and carbon uptake in the Southern Ocean: the state of the art and future priorities{\textquoteright}.},
	keywords = {climate, ocean carbon, ocean circulation, ocean heat, ocean{\textendash}atmosphere fluxes, Southern Ocean},
	doi = {10.1098/rsta.2022.0070},
	url = {https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/full/10.1098/rsta.2022.0070},
	author = {Meijers, Andrew J. S. and Meredith, Michael P. and Shuckburgh, Emily F. and Kent, Elizabeth C. and Munday, David R. and Firing, Yvonne L. and King, Brian and Smyth, Tim J. and Leng, Melanie J. and George Nurser, A. J. and Hewitt, Helene T. and Povl Abrahamsen, E. and Weiss, Alexandra and Yang, Mingxi and Bell, Thomas G. and Alexander Brearley, J. and Boland, Emma J. D. and Jones, Daniel C. and Josey, Simon A. and Owen, Robyn P. and Grist, Jeremy P. and Blaker, Adam T. and Biri, Stavroula and Yelland, Margaret J. and Pimm, Ciara and Zhou, Shenjie and Harle, James and Cornes, Richard C.}
}
