@article {morrison_mechanisms_2023,
	title = {Mechanisms of Heat Flux Across the Southern Greenland Continental Shelf in 1/10{\textdegree} and 1/12{\textdegree} Ocean/Sea Ice Simulations},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans},
	volume = {128},
	number = {2},
	year = {2023},
	note = {_eprint: https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1029/2022JC019021},
	pages = {e2022JC019021},
	abstract = {The presence of warm Atlantic water on the Greenland continental shelf has been connected to the accelerated melting of the Greenland Ice Sheet, particularly in the southwest and southeast shelf regions. Results from two high-resolution coupled ocean-sea ice simulations that utilized either the 1/10{\textdegree} Parallel Ocean Program (POP) or the 1/12{\textdegree} HYbrid Coordinate Ocean Model (HYCOM) are used to understand the flux of heat on and off the southern Greenland shelf. The analysis reveals that the region of greatest heat flux onto the shelf is southeast Greenland. On the southwestern shelf, heat is mainly exported from the shelf to the interior basins. We identify differences in the shelf break current structure and on-shelf heat content between the two simulations. Just south of the Denmark Strait, there is a seasonally persistent pattern of multi-day variability in the cross-shelf heat flux in both simulations. In the POP simulation, this high-frequency signal results in net on-shore heat flux. In the HYCOM simulation, the signal is weaker and results in net off-shelf heat flux. This variability is consistent with Denmark Strait Overflow eddies traveling along the shelf break.},
	keywords = {continental shelf, ice-sheet ocean interactions, ocean modeling},
	issn = {2169-9291},
	doi = {10.1029/2022JC019021},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1029/2022JC019021},
	author = {Morrison, Theresa J. and Dukhovskoy, Dmitry S. and McClean, Julie L. and Gille, Sarah T. and Chassignet, Eric P.}
}
@article {seo_ocean_2023,
	title = {Ocean Mesoscale and Frontal-Scale Ocean{\textendash}Atmosphere Interactions and Influence on Large-Scale Climate: A Review},
	journal = {Journal of Climate},
	volume = {36},
	number = {7},
	year = {2023},
	note = {Publisher: American Meteorological Society Section: Journal of Climate},
	pages = {1981{\textendash}2013},
	abstract = {Two decades of high-resolution satellite observations and climate modeling studies have indicated strong ocean{\textendash}atmosphere coupled feedback mediated by ocean mesoscale processes, including semipermanent and meandrous SST fronts, mesoscale eddies, and filaments. The air{\textendash}sea exchanges in latent heat, sensible heat, momentum, and carbon dioxide associated with this so-called mesoscale air{\textendash}sea interaction are robust near the major western boundary currents, Southern Ocean fronts, and equatorial and coastal upwelling zones, but they are also ubiquitous over the global oceans wherever ocean mesoscale processes are active. Current theories, informed by rapidly advancing observational and modeling capabilities, have established the importance of mesoscale and frontal-scale air{\textendash}sea interaction processes for understanding large-scale ocean circulation, biogeochemistry, and weather and climate variability. However, numerous challenges remain to accurately diagnose, observe, and simulate mesoscale air{\textendash}sea interaction to quantify its impacts on large-scale processes. This article provides a comprehensive review of key aspects pertinent to mesoscale air{\textendash}sea interaction, synthesizes current understanding with remaining gaps and uncertainties, and provides recommendations on theoretical, observational, and modeling strategies for future air{\textendash}sea interaction research. Significance Statement Recent high-resolution satellite observations and climate models have shown a significant impact of coupled ocean{\textendash}atmosphere interactions mediated by small-scale (mesoscale) ocean processes, including ocean eddies and fronts, on Earth{\textquoteright}s climate. Ocean mesoscale-induced spatial temperature and current variability modulate the air{\textendash}sea exchanges in heat, momentum, and mass (e.g., gases such as water vapor and carbon dioxide), altering coupled boundary layer processes. Studies suggest that skillful simulations and predictions of ocean circulation, biogeochemistry, and weather events and climate variability depend on accurate representation of the eddy-mediated air{\textendash}sea interaction. However, numerous challenges remain in accurately diagnosing, observing, and simulating mesoscale air{\textendash}sea interaction to quantify its large-scale impacts. This article synthesizes the latest understanding of mesoscale air{\textendash}sea interaction, identifies remaining gaps and uncertainties, and provides recommendations on strategies for future ocean{\textendash}weather{\textendash}climate research.},
	keywords = {14 Life Below Water},
	issn = {0894-8755, 1520-0442},
	doi = {10.1175/JCLI-D-21-0982.1},
	url = {https://journals.ametsoc.org/view/journals/clim/36/7/JCLI-D-21-0982.1.xml},
	author = {Seo, Hyodae and O{\textquoteright}Neill, Larry W. and Bourassa, Mark A. and Czaja, Arnaud and Drushka, Kyla and Edson, James B. and Fox-Kemper, Baylor and Frenger, Ivy and Gille, Sarah T. and Kirtman, Benjamin P. and Minobe, Shoshiro and Pendergrass, Angeline G. and Renault, Lionel and Roberts, Malcolm J. and Schneider, Niklas and Small, R. Justin and Stoffelen, Ad and Wang, Qing}
}
@article {RN174,
	title = {Estimating Southern Ocean Storm Positions With Seismic Observations},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research Oceans},
	volume = {125},
	number = {4},
	year = {2020},
	type = {Journal Article},
	abstract = {Surface winds from Southern Ocean cyclones generate large waves that travel over long distances (>1,000 km). Wave generation regions are often colocated with enhanced air-sea fluxes and upper ocean mixing. Ocean wave spectra contain information about storm wind speed, fetch size, and intensity at their generation site. Two years of seismic observations on the Ross Ice shelf, combined with modern optimization (machine learning) techniques, are used to trace the origins of wave events in the Southern Ocean with an accuracy of {\textpm}110 km and {\textpm}2 hr from a hypothetical point source. The observed spectral energy attenuated within sea ice and in the ice shelf but retains characteristics that can be compared to parametric wave models. Comparison with the Modern-Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications, Version 2, and ERA5 reanalyses suggests that less than 45\% of ocean swell events can be associated with individual Southern Ocean storms, while the majority of the observed wave events cannot be matched with Southern Ocean high wind events. Reanalysis cyclones and winds are often displaced by about 350 km or 10 hr in Modern-Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications, Version 2, and ERA5 compared to the most likely positions inferred from the seismic spectra. This high fraction of displaced storms in reanalysis products over the South Pacific can be explained by the limited availability of remote sensing observations, primarily caused by the presence of sea ice. Deviation of wave rays from their great circle path by wave-current interaction plays a minor role.},
	doi = {10.1029/2019jc015898},
	url = {https://app.dimensions.ai/details/publication/pub.1126055069 https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1029/2019JC015898},
	author = {Hell, Momme C. and Gille, Sarah T. and Cornuelle, Bruce D. and Miller, Arthur J. and Bromirski, Peter D. and Crawford, Alex D.}
}
@article {RN109,
	title = {Air-Sea Fluxes With a Focus on Heat and Momentum},
	journal = {Frontiers in Marine Science},
	volume = {6},
	year = {2019},
	pages = {430},
	type = {Journal Article},
	abstract = {Turbulent and radiative exchanges of heat between the ocean and atmosphere (hereafter heat fluxes), ocean surface wind stress, and state variables used to estimate them, are Essential Ocean Variables (EOVs) and Essential Climate Variables (ECVs) influencing weather and climate. This paper describes an observational strategy for producing 3-hourly, 25-km (and an aspirational goal of hourly at 10-km) heat flux and wind stress fields over the global, ice-free ocean with breakthrough 1-day random uncertainty of 15 W m{\textendash}2 and a bias of less than 5 W m{\textendash}2. At present this accuracy target is met only for OceanSITES reference station moorings and research vessels (RVs) that follow best practices. To meet these targets globally, in the next decade, satellite-based observations must be optimized for boundary layer measurements of air temperature, humidity, sea surface temperature, and ocean wind stress. In order to tune and validate these satellite measurements, a complementary global in situ flux array, built around an expanded OceanSITES network of time series reference station moorings, is also needed. The array would include 500{\textendash}1000 measurement platforms, including autonomous surface vehicles, moored and drifting buoys, RVs, the existing OceanSITES network of 22 flux sites, and new OceanSITES expanded in 19 key regions. This array would be globally distributed, with 1{\textendash}3 measurement platforms in each nominal 10{\textdegree} by 10{\textdegree} box. These improved moisture and temperature profiles and surface data, if assimilated into Numerical Weather Prediction (NWP) models, would lead to better representation of cloud formation processes, improving state variables and surface radiative and turbulent fluxes from these models. The in situ flux array provides globally distributed measurements and metrics for satellite algorithm development, product validation, and for improving satellite-based, NWP and blended flux products. In addition, some of these flux platforms will also measure direct turbulent fluxes, which can be used to improve algorithms for computation of air-sea exchange of heat and momentum in flux products and models. With these improved air-sea fluxes, the ocean{\textquoteright}s influence on the atmosphere will be better quantified and lead to improved long-term weather forecasts, seasonal-interannual-decadal climate predictions, and regional climate projections.},
	keywords = {air-sea heat flux, autonomous surface vehicle, ICOADS, latent heat flux, ocean wind stress, OceanSITES, satellite-based ocean monitoring system, surface radiation},
	issn = {2296-7745},
	doi = {10.3389/fmars.2019.00430},
	url = {https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fmars.2019.00430},
	author = {Cronin, Meghan F. and Gentemann, Chelle L. and Edson, James and Ueki, Iwao and Bourassa, Mark and Brown, Shannon and Clayson, Carol Anne and Fairall, Chris W. and Farrar, J. Thomas and Gille, Sarah T. and Gulev, Sergey and Josey, Simon A. and Kato, Seiji and Katsumata, Masaki and Kent, Elizabeth and Krug, Marjolaine and Minnett, Peter J. and Parfitt, Rhys and Pinker, Rachel T. and Stackhouse, Paul W. and Swart, Sebastiaan and Tomita, Hiroyuki and Vandemark, Douglas and Weller, A. Robert and Yoneyama, Kunio and Yu, Lisan and Zhang, Dongxiao}
}
@article {RN148,
	title = {Constraining Southern Ocean Air-Sea-Ice Fluxes Through Enhanced Observations},
	journal = {Frontiers in Marine Science},
	volume = {6},
	year = {2019},
	pages = {421},
	type = {Journal Article},
	abstract = {Air-sea and air-sea-ice fluxes in the Southern Ocean play a critical role in global climate through their impact on the overturning circulation and oceanic heat and carbon uptake. The challenging conditions in the Southern Ocean have led to sparse spatial and temporal coverage of observations. This has led to a {\textquotedblleft}knowledge gap{\textquotedblright} that increases uncertainty in atmosphere and ocean dynamics and boundary-layer thermodynamic processes, impeding improvements in weather and climate models. Improvements will require both process-based research to understand the mechanisms governing air-sea exchange and a significant expansion of the observing system. This will improve flux parameterizations and reduce uncertainty associated with bulk formulae and satellite observations. Improved estimates spanning the full Southern Ocean will need to take advantage of ships, surface moorings, and the growing capabilities of autonomous platforms with robust and miniaturized sensors. A key challenge is to identify observing system sampling requirements. This requires models, Observing System Simulation Experiments (OSSEs), and assessments of the specific spatial-temporal accuracy and resolution required for priority science and assessment of observational uncertainties of the mean state and direct flux measurements. Year-round, high-quality, quasi-continuous in situ flux measurements and observations of extreme events are needed to validate, improve and characterize uncertainties in blended reanalysis products and satellite data as well as to improve parameterizations. Building a robust observing system will require community consensus on observational methodologies, observational priorities, and effective strategies for data management and discovery.},
	keywords = {air-sea/air-sea-ice fluxes, climate, ocean{\textendash}atmosphere interaction, ocean{\textendash}ice interaction, Southern Ocean},
	issn = {2296-7745},
	doi = {10.3389/fmars.2019.00421},
	url = {https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fmars.2019.00421},
	author = {Swart, Sebastiaan and Gille, Sarah T. and Delille, Bruno and Josey, Simon and Mazloff, Matthew and Newman, Louise and Thompson, Andrew F. and Thomson, Jim and Ward, Brian and du Plessis, Marcel D. and Kent, Elizabeth C. and Girton, James and Gregor, Luke and Heil, Petra and Hyder, Patrick and Pezzi, Luciano Ponzi and de Souza, Ronald Buss and Tamsitt, Veronica and Weller, Robert A. and Zappa, Christopher J.}
}
@article {RN108,
	title = {Integrated Observations of Global Surface Winds, Currents, and Waves: Requirements and Challenges for the Next Decade},
	journal = {Frontiers in Marine Science},
	volume = {6},
	year = {2019},
	pages = {425},
	type = {Journal Article},
	abstract = {Ocean surface winds, currents, and waves play a crucial role in exchanges of momentum, energy, heat, freshwater, gases, and other tracers between the ocean, atmosphere, and ice. Despite surface waves being strongly coupled to the upper ocean circulation and the overlying atmosphere, efforts to improve ocean, atmospheric, and wave observations and models have evolved somewhat independently. From an observational point of view, community efforts to bridge this gap have led to proposals for satellite Doppler oceanography mission concepts, which could provide unprecedented measurements of absolute surface velocity and directional wave spectrum at global scales. This paper reviews the present state of observations of surface winds, currents, and waves, and it outlines observational gaps that limit our current understanding of coupled processes that happen at the air-sea-ice interface. A significant challenge for the coming decade of wind, current, and wave observations will come in combining and interpreting measurements from (a) wave-buoys and high-frequency radars in coastal regions, (b) surface drifters and wave-enabled drifters in the open-ocean, marginal ice zones, and wave-current interaction {\textquotedblleft}hot-spots,{\textquotedblright} and (c) simultaneous measurements of absolute surface currents, ocean surface wind vector, and directional wave spectrum from Doppler satellite sensors.},
	keywords = {absolute surface velocity, air-sea interactions, Doppler oceanography from space, ocean surface winds, surface waves},
	issn = {2296-7745},
	doi = {10.3389/fmars.2019.00425},
	url = {https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fmars.2019.00425},
	author = {Villas B{\^o}as, Ana B. and Ardhuin, Fabrice and Ayet, Alex and Bourassa, Mark A. and Brandt, Peter and Chapron, Betrand and Cornuelle, Bruce D. and Farrar, J. T. and Fewings, Melanie R. and Fox-Kemper, Baylor and Gille, Sarah T. and Gommenginger, Christine and Heimbach, Patrick and Hell, Momme C. and Li, Qing and Mazloff, Matthew R. and Merrifield, Sophia T. and Mouche, Alexis and Rio, Marie H. and Rodriguez, Ernesto and Shutler, Jamie D. and Subramanian, Aneesh C. and Terrill, Eric J. and Tsamados, Michel and Ubelmann, Clement and van Sebille, Erik}
}
@article {RN111,
	title = {Polar Ocean Observations: A Critical Gap in the Observing System and Its Effect on Environmental Predictions From Hours to a Season},
	journal = {Frontiers in Marine Science},
	volume = {6},
	year = {2019},
	pages = {429},
	type = {Journal Article},
	abstract = {There is a growing need for operational oceanographic predictions in both the Arctic and Antarctic polar regions. In the former, this is driven by a declining ice cover accompanied by an increase in maritime traffic and exploitation of marine resources. Oceanographic predictions in the Antarctic are also important, both to support Antarctic operations and also to help elucidate processes governing sea ice and ice shelf stability. However, a significant gap exists in the ocean observing system in polar regions, compared to most areas of the global ocean, hindering the reliability of ocean and sea ice forecasts. This gap can also be seen from the spread in ocean and sea ice reanalyses for polar regions which provide an estimate of their uncertainty. The reduced reliability of polar predictions may affect the quality of various applications including search and rescue, coupling with numerical weather and seasonal predictions, historical reconstructions (reanalysis), aquaculture and environmental management including environmental emergency response. Here, we outline the status of existing near-real time ocean observational efforts in polar regions, discuss gaps, and explore perspectives for the future. Specific recommendations include a renewed call for open access to data, especially real-time data, as a critical capability for improved sea ice and weather forecasting and other environmental prediction needs. Dedicated efforts are also needed to make use of additional observations made as part of the Year of Polar Prediction (YOPP; 2017{\textendash}2019) to inform optimal observing system design. To provide a polar extension to the Argo network, it is recommended that a network of ice-borne sea ice and upper-ocean observing buoys be deployed and supported operationally in ice-covered areas together with autonomous profiling floats and gliders (potentially with ice detection capability) in seasonally ice covered seas. Finally, additional efforts to better measure and parameterize surface exchanges in polar regions are much needed to improve coupled environmental prediction.},
	keywords = {air-sea-ice fluxes, forecasting, ocean data assimilation, ocean modeling, operational oceanography, polar observations, sea ice, YOPP},
	issn = {2296-7745},
	doi = {10.3389/fmars.2019.00429},
	url = {https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fmars.2019.00429},
	author = {Smith, Gregory C. and Allard, Richard and Babin, Marcel and Bertino, Laurent and Chevallier, Matthieu and Corlett, Gary and Crout, Julia and Davidson, Fraser and Delille, Bruno and Gille, Sarah T. and Hebert, David and Hyder, Patrick and Intrieri, Janet and Lagunas, Jos{\'e} and Larnicol, Gilles and Kaminski, Thomas and Kater, Belinda and Kauker, Frank and Marec, Claudie and Mazloff, Matthew and Metzger, E. Joseph and Mordy, Calvin and O{\textquoteright}Carroll, Anne and Olsen, Steffen M. and Phelps, Michael and Posey, Pamela and Prandi, Pierre and Rehm, Eric and Reid, Phillip and Rigor, Ignatius and Sandven, Stein and Shupe, Matthew and Swart, Sebastiaan and Smedstad, Ole Martin and Solomon, Amy and Storto, Andrea and Thibaut, Pierre and Toole, John and Wood, Kevin and Xie, Jiping and Yang, Qinghua and Group, the Wwrp P. P. P. Steering}
}
