@article {tamsitt_new_2023,
	title = {New insights into air-sea fluxes and their role in Subantarctic Mode Water formation},
	journal = {Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences},
	volume = {381},
	number = {2249},
	year = {2023},
	note = {Publisher: Royal Society},
	month = {may},
	pages = {20220066},
	abstract = {The formation of Subantarctic Mode Water SAMW in the Southern Ocean plays a key role in the global oceanic uptake and storage of anthropogenic heat and carbon. Wintertime ocean surface heat loss is a dominant driver of Subantarctic Mode Water formation and variability, but wintertime air-sea flux observations in the Southern Ocean are extremely sparse. Recent advances in our understanding of the role of air-sea fluxes in Subantarctic Mode Water Formation from novel ocean observations are summarized here, particularly the role of synoptic atmospheric extreme events, and the drivers of interannual variations in SAMW. These advances in understanding have important implications for variability in Southern Ocean heat and carbon uptake, and can inform future Southern Ocean observing system design. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue {\textquoteleft}Heat and carbon uptake in the Southern Ocean: the state of the art and future priorities{\textquoteright}.},
	keywords = {air-sea fluxes, mooring time series, ocean observing, Subantarctic Mode Water, water mass formation},
	doi = {10.1098/rsta.2022.0066},
	url = {https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/full/10.1098/rsta.2022.0066},
	author = {Tamsitt, V.}
}
@article {RN153,
	title = {Mooring Observations of Air-Sea Heat Fluxes in Two Subantarctic Mode Water Formation Regions},
	journal = {Journal of Climate},
	volume = {33},
	number = {7},
	year = {2020},
	pages = {2757-2777},
	type = {Journal Article},
	abstract = {Wintertime surface ocean heat loss is the key process driving the formation of Subantarctic Mode Water (SAMW), but there are few direct observations of heat fluxes, particularly during winter. The Ocean Observatories Initiative (OOI) Southern Ocean mooring in the southeast Pacific Ocean and the Southern Ocean Flux Station (SOFS) in the southeast Indian Ocean provide the first concurrent, multiyear time series of air{\textendash}sea fluxes in the Southern Ocean from two key SAMW formation regions. In this work we compare drivers of wintertime heat loss and SAMW formation by comparing air{\textendash}sea fluxes and mixed layers at these two mooring locations. A gridded Argo product and the ERA5 reanalysis product provide temporal and spatial context for the mooring observations. Turbulent ocean heat loss is on average 1.5 times larger in the southeast Indian (SOFS) than in the southeast Pacific (OOI), with stronger extreme heat flux events in the southeast Indian leading to larger cumulative winter ocean heat loss. Turbulent heat loss events in the southeast Indian (SOFS) occur in two atmospheric regimes (cold air from the south or dry air circulating via the north), while heat loss events in the southeast Pacific (OOI) occur in a single atmospheric regime (cold air from the south). On interannual time scales, wintertime anomalies in net heat flux and mixed layer depth (MLD) are often correlated at the two sites, particularly when wintertime MLDs are anomalously deep. This relationship is part of a larger basin-scale zonal dipole in heat flux and MLD anomalies present in both the Indian and Pacific basins, associated with anomalous meridional atmospheric circulation.},
	keywords = {Atmosphere-ocean interaction, Buoy observations, Heat budgets/fluxes, Oceanic mixed layer, Southern Ocean, Water masses/storage},
	issn = {0894-8755},
	doi = {10.1175/JCLI-D-19-0653.1},
	author = {Tamsitt, V. and Cerovecki, I. and Josey, S. A. and Gille, S. T. and Schulz, E.}
}
@article {RN188,
	title = {Optimizing Mooring Placement to Constrain Southern Ocean Air-Sea Fluxes},
	journal = {Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology},
	volume = {37},
	number = {8},
	year = {2020},
	pages = {1365-1385},
	type = {Journal Article},
	abstract = {Proposals from multiple nations to deploy air{\textendash}sea flux moorings in the Southern Ocean have raised the question of how to optimize the placement of these moorings in order to maximize their utility, both as contributors to the network of observations assimilated in numerical weather prediction and also as a means to study a broad range of processes driving air{\textendash}sea fluxes. This study, developed as a contribution to the Southern Ocean Observing System (SOOS), proposes criteria that can be used to determine mooring siting to obtain best estimates of net air{\textendash}sea heat flux (Qnet). Flux moorings are envisioned as one component of a multiplatform observing system, providing valuable in situ point time series measurements to be used alongside satellite data and observations from autonomous platforms and ships. Assimilating models (e.g., numerical weather prediction and reanalysis products) then offer the ability to synthesize the observing system and map properties between observations. This paper develops a framework for designing mooring array configurations to maximize the independence and utility of observations. As a test case, within the meridional band from 35{\textdegree} to 65{\textdegree}S we select eight mooring sites optimized to explain the largest fraction of the total variance (and thus to ensure the least variance of residual components) in the area south of 20{\textdegree}S. Results yield different optimal mooring sites for low-frequency interannual heat fluxes compared with higher-frequency subseasonal fluxes. With eight moorings, we could explain a maximum of 24.6\% of high-frequency Qnet variability or 44.7\% of low-frequency Qnet variability.},
	keywords = {Buoy observations, In situ atmospheric observations, In situ oceanic observations, Southern Ocean},
	issn = {0739-0572},
	doi = {10.1175/JTECH-D-19-0203.1},
	author = {Wei, Y. Z. and Gille, S. T. and Mazloff, M. R. and Tamsitt, V. and Swart, S. and Chen, D. K. and Newman, L.}
}
@article {RN40,
	title = {Episodic Southern Ocean Heat Loss and Its Mixed Layer Impacts Revealed by the Farthest South Multiyear Surface Flux Mooring},
	journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
	volume = {45},
	number = {10},
	year = {2018},
	pages = {5002-5010},
	type = {Journal Article},
	abstract = {The Ocean Observatories Initiative air-sea flux mooring deployed at 54.08{\textdegree}S, 89.67{\textdegree}W, in the southeast Pacific sector of the Southern Ocean, is the farthest south long-term open ocean flux mooring ever deployed. Mooring observations (February 2015 to August 2017) provide the first in situ quantification of annual net air-sea heat exchange from one of the prime Subantarctic Mode Water formation regions. Episodic turbulent heat loss events (reaching a daily mean net flux of -294 W/m2) generally occur when northeastward winds bring relatively cold, dry air to the mooring location, leading to large air-sea temperature and humidity differences. Wintertime heat loss events promote deep mixed layer formation that lead to Subantarctic Mode Water formation. However, these processes have strong interannual variability; a higher frequency of 2 σ and 3 σ turbulent heat loss events in winter 2015 led to deep mixed layers (>300 m), which were nonexistent in winter 2016.},
	issn = {0094-8276},
	doi = {10.1029/2017gl076909},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:000435262000052},
	author = {Ogle, S. E. and Tamsitt, V. and Josey, S. A. and Gille, S. T. and Cerovecki, I. and Talley, L. D. and Weller, R. A.}
}
