@article {fruh-green_diversity_2022,
	title = {Diversity of magmatism, hydrothermal processes and microbial interactions at mid-ocean ridges},
	journal = {Nature Reviews Earth \& Environment},
	year = {2022},
	note = {Publisher: Nature Publishing Group},
	month = {nov},
	pages = {1{\textendash}20},
	abstract = {Hydrothermal circulation and alteration at mid-ocean ridges and ridge flanks have a key role in regulating seawater chemistry and global chemical fluxes, and support diverse ecosystems in the absence of light. In this Review, we outline tectonic, magmatic and hydrothermal processes that govern crustal architecture, alteration and biogeochemical cycles along mid-ocean ridges with different spreading rates. In general, hydrothermal systems vary from those that are magmatic-dominated with low-pH fluids >300 {\textdegree}C to serpentinizing systems with alkaline fluids <120 {\textdegree}C. Typically, slow-spreading ridges (rates <40 mm yr-1) have greater variability in magmatism, lithology and vent chemistry, which are influenced by detachment faults that expose lower-crustal and serpentinized mantle rocks. Hydrothermal alteration is an important sink for magnesium, sodium, sulfate and bicarbonate, and a net source of volatiles, iron and other nutrients to the deep ocean and vent ecosystems. Magmatic hydrothermal systems sustain a vast, hot and diverse microbial biosphere that represents a deep organic carbon source to ocean carbon budgets. In contrast, high-pH serpentinizing hydrothermal systems harbour a more limited microbial community consisting primarily of methane-metabolizing archaea. Continued advances in monitoring and analytical capabilities coupled with developments in metagenomic technologies will guide future investigations and discoveries in hydrothermal systems.},
	keywords = {Element cycles, Geochemistry, Marine biology, Tectonics},
	issn = {2662-138X},
	doi = {10.1038/s43017-022-00364-y},
	url = {https://www.nature.com/articles/s43017-022-00364-y},
	author = {Fr{\"u}h-Green, Gretchen L. and Kelley, Deborah S. and Lilley, Marvin D. and Cannat, Mathilde and Chavagnac, Valerie and Baross, John A.}
}
@article {276,
	title = {Time series of hydrothermal vent fluid chemistry at Main Endeavour Field, Juan de Fuca Ridge: Remote sampling using the NEPTUNE cabled observatory},
	journal = {Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {186},
	year = {2022},
	month = {2022/08/01/},
	pages = {103809},
	abstract = {Seafloor hydrothermal fluids play a critical role in regulating a wide range of geochemical and biological processes. Chemical and physical changes to venting fluids undoubtedly occur in response to geological events, at depth or near the seafloor, with corresponding effects on vent fluid chemistry, mineralization, and biological activity. However, the uncertain timing of such events makes it impractical to anticipate their occurrence. Thus, the temporal evolution of seafloor vent fluids and coexisting mineral deposits is most often inferred from observations made using conventional deep submergence assets that may be non-continuous for a specific vent field. The recent development of submarine volcanic observatories operated by Ocean Networks Canada (ONC) and the Ocean Observatory Initiative (OOI) in the U.S. that deliver power to instruments on the seafloor and communications via high-speed fiber optic cable permits real-time communication and monitoring of seafloor vents. Here, we describe the development and application of a remotely operated hydrothermal fluid sampler that enables repeat on-demand sampling of high-temperature vent fluids triggered through the internet. The sampler was deployed from September 2019 to June 2020~at the S\&M vent area, in the southern portion of Main Endeavour Field (MEF), Juan de Fuca Ridge, on ONC{\textquoteright}s NEPTUNE ocean observatory. Nine vent fluid samples were acquired over a period of nine months. Analyses of these samples confirm the moderately high-temperature origin of the source fluid, as indicated, for example, by dissolved chloride depletion relative to seawater (vapor-rich) and moderately high silica concentrations. These and other dissolved species, such as methane, a known hallmark of MEF vent fluids, are in excellent agreement with the reported composition of S\&M vent fluids over the past 15 years or more, suggesting overall chemical stability and rock-dominated alteration processes. On the other hand, short-term variability of dissolved Mg, sulfate and barium indicate entrainment of conductively heated and partially reacted seawater. Both before and after the incursion of the {\textquotedblleft}secondary{\textquotedblright} seawater derived fluid, however, samples reveal the lowest Mg and sulfate concentrations yet reported for seafloor hydrothermal vent fluid samples. Accordingly, these data provide new insight on the solubility of these and other elements coexisting with minerals close to the Axial Magma Chamber (AMC), from which the primary source fluid is ultimately derived. A separate noteworthy event characterized by \~{}20~{\textdegree}C decrease in temperature and associated 24{\textendash}77\% decrease in dissolved Fe concentration was observed toward the end of the deployment, with implications for hydrothermal transition metal fluxes and linked biogeochemical processes. On-demand remote acquisition of a continuous series of high-temperature vent fluid samples from a single vent permits the temporal evolution of heat and mass transfer processes to be studied with a heretofore unavailable perspective. Furthermore, deployment of this sampler within the NEPTUNE ocean observatory opens the door to future studies based on comparative analysis of contemporaneous datasets.},
	keywords = {Cabled array, Main Endeavour Field, Ocean Networks Canada, Remote sampling, Seafloor hydrothermal vents},
	isbn = {0967-0637},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dsr.2022.103809},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0967063722001224},
	author = {Seyfried, William E. and Tan, Chunyang and Wang, Xun and Wu, Shijun and Evans, Guy N. and Coogan, Laurence A. and Mih{\'a}ly, Steven F. and Lilley, Marvin D.}
}
