@article {buckley_buoyancy_2023,
	title = {Buoyancy forcing and the subpolar Atlantic meridional overturning circulation},
	journal = {Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences},
	volume = {381},
	number = {2262},
	year = {2023},
	note = {Publisher: Royal Society},
	month = {oct},
	pages = {20220181},
	abstract = {The North Atlantic meridional overturning circulation and its variability are examined in terms of the overturning in density space and diapycnal water mass transformation. The magnitude of the mean overturning is similar to the surface water mass transformation, but the density and properties of these waters are modified by diapycnal mixing. Surface waters are progressively densified while circulating cyclonically around the subpolar gyre, with the densest waters and deepest convection occurring in the Labrador Sea and Nordic Seas. The eddy-driven interaction between the convective interior and boundary currents is a key to the export of dense waters from marginal seas. Due to the multitude of pathways of dense waters within the subpolar gyre, as well as mixing with older waters, waters exiting the subpolar gyre have a wide range of ages, with a mean age on the order of a decade. As a result, interannual changes in water mass transformation are mostly balanced locally and do not result in changes in export to the subtropics. Only persistent changes in water mass transformation result in changes in export to the subtropics. The dilution of signals from upstream water mass transformation suggests that variability in export of dense waters to the subtropics may be controlled by other processes, including interaction of dense waters with the energetic upper ocean. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue {\textquoteleft}Atlantic overturning: new observations and challenges{\textquoteright}.},
	keywords = {Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation, buoyancy forcing, water mass transformation},
	doi = {10.1098/rsta.2022.0181},
	url = {https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rsta.2022.0181},
	author = {Buckley, Martha W. and Lozier, M. Susan and Desbruy{\`e}res, Damien and Evans, Dafydd Gwyn}
}
@article {lozier_overturning_2023,
	title = {Overturning in the subpolar North Atlantic: a review},
	journal = {Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences},
	volume = {381},
	number = {2262},
	year = {2023},
	note = {Publisher: Royal Society},
	month = {oct},
	pages = {20220191},
	abstract = {The Overturning in the Subpolar North Atlantic Program (OSNAP) was initiated in the spring of 2010 through a collaborative effort involving the USA, the UK, Germany, the Netherlands and Canada. A key feature of OSNAP is a trans-basin observing system deployed in the summer of 2014 for the continuous measure of volume, heat and freshwater fluxes in the subpolar North Atlantic. This review focuses on advancements made possible by the collective OSNAP observations. Chief among those advancements is the quantification of the dominant role of the eastern subpolar North Atlantic in the production of dense waters that reside in the lower limb of the overturning: the Irminger and Iceland basins contributed approximately three times as much dense water compared with the Labrador Sea over the observational period. Other advancements include elucidation of the relationship between convective activity in the basin interior and boundary current anomalies; the spread of overflow waters in the subpolar region; the seasonality of the meridional volume, heat and freshwater fluxes; and the challenges involved in designing a simpler, less costly observing system. Collectively, OSNAP measurements are laying a framework on which to assess the overturning circulation{\textquoteright}s vulnerability to continued warming and freshening as climate change continues apace. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue {\textquoteleft}Atlantic overturning: new observations and challenges{\textquoteright}.},
	keywords = {meridional overturning circulation, OSNAP, subpolar North Atlantic},
	doi = {10.1098/rsta.2022.0191},
	url = {https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rsta.2022.0191},
	author = {Lozier, M. Susan}
}
@article {fu_seasonality_2023,
	title = {Seasonality of the Meridional Overturning Circulation in the subpolar North Atlantic.},
	journal = {Communications earth \& environment},
	volume = {4},
	number = {1},
	year = {2023},
	note = {Place: England},
	pages = {181},
	abstract = {Understanding the variability of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation is essential for better predictions of our changing climate. Here we present an updated time series (August 2014 to June 2020) from the Overturning in the Subpolar North Atlantic Program. The 6-year time series allows us to observe the seasonality of the subpolar overturning and meridional heat and freshwater transports. The overturning peaks in late spring and reaches a minimum in early winter, with a peak-to-trough range of 9.0 Sv. The overturning seasonal timing can be explained by winter transformation and the export of dense water, modulated by a seasonally varying Ekman transport. Furthermore, over 55\% of the total meridional freshwater transport variability can be explained by its seasonality, largely owing to overturning dynamics. Our results provide the first observational analysis of seasonality in the subpolar North Atlantic overturning and highlight its important contribution to the total overturning variability observed to date.},
	keywords = {Ocean sciences, physical oceanography},
	issn = {2662-4435},
	doi = {10.1038/s43247-023-00848-9},
	author = {Fu, Yao and Lozier, M. Susan and Bil{\'o}, Tiago Carrilho and Bower, Amy S. and Cunningham, Stuart A. and Cyr, Fr{\'e}d{\'e}ric and de Jong, M. Femke and deYoung, Brad and Drysdale, Lewis and Fraser, Neil and Fried, Nora and Furey, Heather H. and Han, Guoqi and Handmann, Patricia and Holliday, N. Penny and Holte, James and Inall, Mark E. and Johns, William E. and Jones, Sam and Karstensen, Johannes and Li, Feili and Pacini, Astrid and Pickart, Robert S. and Rayner, Darren and Straneo, Fiammetta and Yashayaev, Igor}
}
@article {270,
	title = {Historical Reconstruction of Subpolar North Atlantic Overturning and Its Relationship to Density},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans},
	volume = {127},
	year = {2022},
	month = {2022/06//},
	pages = {e2021JC017732},
	abstract = {The connections between the overturning of the subpolar North Atlantic and regional density changes are assessed on interannual and decadal timescales using historical, data-based reconstructions of the overturning over the last 60 years and forward model integrations with buoyancy and wind forcing. The data-based reconstructions reveal a dominant eastern basin contribution to the subpolar overturning in density space and changes in the overturning reaching {\textpm}2.5 Sv, which are both in accord with the Overturning in the Subpolar North Atlantic Program (OSNAP). The zonally integrated geostrophic velocity across the basin is connected to boundary contrasts in Montgomery potential in density space. The overturning for the eastern side of the basin is strongly correlated with density changes in the Irminger and Labrador Seas, while the overturning for the western side is correlated with boundary density changes in the Labrador Sea. These boundary density signals are a consequence of local atmospheric forcing and transport of upstream density changes. In forward model experiments, a localized density increase over the Irminger Sea increases the overturning over both sides of the basin due to dense waters spreading to the Labrador Sea. Conversely, a localized density increase over the Labrador Sea only increases the overturning for the western basin and instead eventually decreases the overturning for the eastern basin. Labrador Sea density provides a useful overturning metric by its direct control of the overturning over the western side and lower latitudes of the subpolar basin.},
	isbn = {2169-9275},
	doi = {10.1029/2021JC017732},
	author = {Roussenov, Vassil M. and Williams, Richard G. and Lozier, M. Susan and Holliday, N. Penny and Smith, Doug M.}
}
@article {lozier_overflow_2022,
	title = {Overflow Water Pathways in the North Atlantic},
	journal = {Progress In Oceanography},
	volume = {208},
	year = {2022},
	month = {aug},
	pages = {102874},
	abstract = {As part of the international Overturning in the Subpolar North Atlantic Program (OSNAP), 135 acoustically-tracked deep floats were deployed to track the spreading pathways of Iceland-Scotland Overflow Water (ISOW) and Denmark Strait Overflow Water (DSOW) from 2014 to 2018. These water masses, which originate in the Nordic Seas, are transported by the deepest branch of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC). The OSNAP floats provide the first directly-observed, comprehensive Lagrangian view of ISOW and DSOW spreading pathways throughout the subpolar North Atlantic. The collection of OSNAP float trajectories, complemented by model simulations, reveals that their pathways are (a) not restricted to western boundary currents, and (b) remarkably different from each other in character. The spread of DSOW from the Irminger Sea is primarily via the swift deep boundary currents of the Irminger and Labrador Seas, whereas the spread of ISOW out of the Iceland Basin is slower and along multiple export pathways. The characterization of these Overflow Water pathways has important implications for our understanding of the AMOC and its variability. Finally, reconstructions of AMOC variability from proxy data, involving either the strength of boundary currents and/or the property variability of deep waters, should account for the myriad pathways of DSOW and ISOW, but particularly so for the latter.},
	issn = {0079-6611},
	doi = {10.1016/j.pocean.2022.102874},
	author = {Lozier, M. Susan and Bower, Amy S. and Furey, Heather H. and Drouin, Kimberley L. and Xu, Xiaobiao and Zou, Sijia}
}
@article {RN295,
	title = {Distinct sources of interannual subtropical and subpolar Atlantic overturning variability},
	journal = {Nature Geoscience},
	volume = {14},
	number = {7},
	year = {2021},
	pages = {491-495},
	type = {Journal Article},
	doi = {10.1038/s41561-021-00759-4},
	url = {https://app.dimensions.ai/details/publication/pub.1138476478 http://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/530907/1/Kostov_et_al_Third_Submission_NatGeo_REF.pdf},
	author = {Kostov, Yavor and Johnson, Helen L. and Marshall, David P. and Heimbach, Patrick and Forget, Gael and Holliday, N. Penny and Lozier, M. Susan and Li, Feili and Pillar, Helen R. and Smith, Timothy}
}
@article {RN291,
	title = {Observation-based estimates of heat and freshwater exchanges from the subtropical North Atlantic to the Arctic},
	journal = {Progress In Oceanography},
	volume = {197},
	year = {2021},
	pages = {102640},
	type = {Journal Article},
	doi = {10.1016/j.pocean.2021.102640},
	url = {https://app.dimensions.ai/details/publication/pub.1139426977 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2021.102640},
	author = {Li, Feili and Lozier, M. Susan and Holliday, N. Penny and Johns, William E. and Le Bras, Isabela A. and Moat, Ben I. and Cunningham, Stuart A. and de Jong, M. Femke}
}
@article {RN290,
	title = {Role of air{\textendash}sea fluxes and ocean surface density in the production of deep waters in the eastern subpolar gyre of the North Atlantic},
	journal = {Ocean Science},
	volume = {17},
	number = {5},
	year = {2021},
	pages = {1353-1365},
	type = {Journal Article},
	doi = {10.5194/os-17-1353-2021},
	url = {https://app.dimensions.ai/details/publication/pub.1141645433 https://os.copernicus.org/articles/17/1353/2021/os-17-1353-2021.pdf},
	author = {Petit, Tillys and Lozier, M. Susan and Josey, Simon A. and Cunningham, Stuart A.}
}
@article {RN278,
	title = {Atlantic Deep Water Formation Occurs Primarily in the Iceland Basin and Irminger Sea by Local Buoyancy Forcing},
	journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
	volume = {47},
	number = {22},
	year = {2020},
	type = {Journal Article},
	doi = {10.1029/2020gl091028},
	url = {https://app.dimensions.ai/details/publication/pub.1132581129 http://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/529098/1/2020GL091028.pdf},
	author = {Petit, Tillys and Lozier, M. Susan and Josey, Simon A. and Cunningham, Stuart A.}
}
@article {RN298,
	title = {Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation: Observed Transport and Variability},
	journal = {Frontiers in Marine Science},
	volume = {6},
	year = {2019},
	pages = {260},
	type = {Journal Article},
	doi = {10.3389/fmars.2019.00260},
	url = {https://app.dimensions.ai/details/publication/pub.1116893735 https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmars.2019.00260/pdf},
	author = {Frajka-Williams, Eleanor and Ansorge, Isabelle J. and Baehr, Johanna and Bryden, Harry L. and Chidichimo, Maria Paz and Cunningham, Stuart A. and Danabasoglu, Gokhan and Dong, Shenfu and Donohue, Kathleen A. and Elipot, Shane and Heimbach, Patrick and Holliday, N. Penny and Hummels, Rebecca and Jackson, Laura C. and Karstensen, Johannes and Lankhorst, Matthias and Le Bras, Isabela A. and Lozier, M. Susan and McDonagh, Elaine L. and Meinen, Christopher S. and Mercier, Herl{\'e} and Moat, Bengamin I. and Perez, Renellys C. and Piecuch, Christopher G. and Rhein, Monika and Srokosz, Meric A. and Trenberth, Kevin E. and Bacon, Sheldon and Forget, Gael and Goni, Gustavo and Kieke, Dagmar and Koelling, Jannes and Lamont, Tarron and McCarthy, Gerard D. and Mertens, Christian and Send, Uwe and Smeed, David A. and Speich, Sabrina and van den Berg, Marcel and Volkov, Denis and Wilson, Chris}
}
