@article {palevsky_model_2024,
	title = {A model for community-driven development of best practices: the Ocean Observatories Initiative Biogeochemical Sensor Data Best Practices and User Guide},
	journal = {Frontiers in Marine Science},
	volume = {11},
	year = {2024},
	note = {Publisher: Frontiers},
	month = {apr},
	abstract = {The field of oceanography is transitioning from data-poor to data-rich, thanks in part to increased deployment of in-situ platforms and sensors, such as those that instrument the US-funded Ocean Observatories Initiative (OOI). However, generating science-ready data products from these sensors, particularly those making biogeochemical measurements, often requires extensive end-user calibration and validation procedures, which can present a significant barrier. Openly available community-developed and -vetted Best Practices contribute to overcoming such barriers, but collaboratively developing user-friendly Best Practices can be challenging. Here we describe the process undertaken by the NSF-funded OOI Biogeochemical Sensor Data Working Group to develop Best Practices for creating science-ready biogeochemical data products from OOI data, culminating in the publication of the GOOS-endorsed OOI Biogeochemical Sensor Data Best Practices and User Guide. For Best Practices related to ocean observatories, engaging observatory staff is crucial, but having a {\textquotedblleft}user-defined{\textquotedblright} process ensures the final product addresses user needs. Our process prioritized bringing together a diverse team and creating an inclusive environment where all participants could effectively contribute. Incorporating the perspectives of a wide range of experts and prospective end users through an iterative review process that included {\textquotedblleft}Beta Testers{\textquoteright}{\textquoteright} enabled us to produce a final product that combines technical information with a user-friendly structure that illustrates data analysis pipelines via flowcharts and worked examples accompanied by pseudo-code. Our process and its impact on improving the accessibility and utility of the end product provides a roadmap for other groups undertaking similar community-driven activities to develop and disseminate new Ocean Best Practices.},
	keywords = {beta testers, biogeochemical sensors, ocean best practices, Ocean Observatories Initiative, Working group},
	issn = {2296-7745},
	doi = {10.3389/fmars.2024.1358591},
	url = {https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmars.2024.1358591},
	author = {Palevsky, Hilary I. and Clayton, Sophie and Benway, Heather and Maheigan, Mairead and Atamanchuk, Dariia and Battisti, Roman and Batryn, Jennifer and Bourbonnais, Annie and Briggs, Ellen M. and Carvalho, Filipa and Chase, Alison P. and Eveleth, Rachel and Fatland, Rob and Fogaren, Kristen E. and Fram, Jonathan Peter and Hartman, Susan E. and Le Bras, Isabela and Manning, Cara C. M. and Needoba, Joseph A. and Neely, Merrie Beth and Oliver, Hilde and Reed, Andrew C. and Rheuban, Jennie E. and Schallenberg, Christina and Walsh, Ian and Wingard, Christopher and Bauer, Kohen and Chen, Baoshan and Cuevas, Jose and Flecha, Susana and Horwith, Micah and Melendez, Melissa and Menz, Tyler and Rivero-Calle, Sara and Roden, Nicholas P. and Steinhoff, Tobias and Trucco-Pignata, Pablo Nicol{\'a}s and Vardaro, Michael F. and Yoder, Meg}
}
@article {zhang_cross-shelf_2023,
	title = {Cross-shelf exchange associated with a shelf-water streamer at the Mid-Atlantic Bight shelf edge},
	journal = {Progress in Oceanography},
	volume = {210},
	year = {2023},
	month = {jan},
	pages = {102931},
	abstract = {Significant exchanges between the Mid-Atlantic Bight (MAB) continental shelf and the neighboring open ocean can be induced by shelf water streamers, submesoscale filaments of shelf water entrained into the open ocean by Gulf Stream warm-core rings (WCRs) impinging onto the MAB continental shelf. Shelf water streamers have distinctive surface temperature and chlorophyll signals, and are thus visible from space. Satellite-measured sea surface height, temperature and chlorophyll show the evolution of a WCR over its 6-month lifespan in February-August 2019 and the persistent shelf water streamer it generated on its outskirt. In situ measurements from a two-week cruise in July 2019 were analyzed to investigate the physical, biological and biogeochemical characteristics of the shelf water streamer below the surface, and to quantify the associated cross-shelf transport of volume, heat, salt, carbon and oxygen. The analyses demonstrated that offshore transport of shelf water by the streamer, which was presumably balanced by either onshore intrusion of ring water or enhanced transport of shelf water from upstream, represented a major form of exchange between the MAB continental shelf and the open ocean. The streamer caused significant net onshore transport of heat and salt, and a significant net offshore transport of organic carbon and oxygen. Primary productivity in the streamer was higher than the surrounding slope and ring waters on the surface, which likely resulted from subsurface nutrients in the offshore-flowing shelf water being gradually consumed as the overlying water became clearer. WCR-induced shelf water streamers thus enhanced surface biological productivity in the slope sea. Plain Language Summary: Waters of the shallow Mid-Atlantic Bight continental shelf and the neighboring deep slope sea have distinctly different physical, biological and chemical properties. Mixing between them can affect the shelf ecosystem and the dispersal of coastal materials into the deep ocean. One type of cross-shelf-edge mixing process results from strong clockwise-rotating vortices {\textendash} so-called warm-core rings {\textendash} formed from meanders of the Gulf Stream. As a warm-core ring intrudes onto the shelf edge, it often draws shelf water offshore, forming a thin filament in the slope sea. This filament is called a shelf-water streamer and has distinctive surface temperature and chlorophyll signals that are visible from space. Warm-core rings can also push offshore water onto the shallow shelf. This study examines the evolution of a warm-core ring over its 6-month lifespan in 2019 and the shelf-water streamer the ring induced in 5 of the 6~months. Interdisciplinary measurements from a field expedition in July 2019 were examined to assess the subsurface patterns of the streamer and to quantify the induced cross-shelf fluxes of heat, salt, organic carbon and oxygen. The analysis showed that the streamer represented a major form of cross-shelf mixing and caused a substantial onshore transport of heat and salt, as well as a substantial offshore transport of organic carbon and oxygen.},
	keywords = {carbon flux, Cross-shelf exchange, Heat flux, Primary productivity, Salt flux, Shelf-water streamer, Warm-core ring},
	issn = {0079-6611},
	doi = {10.1016/j.pocean.2022.102931},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0079661122001902},
	author = {Zhang, Weifeng (Gordon) and Alatalo, Philip and Crockford, Taylor and Hirzel, Andrew J. and Meyer, Meredith G. and Oliver, Hilde and Peacock, Emily and Petitpas, Christian M. and Sandwith, Zoe and Smith, Walker O. and Sosik, Heidi M. and Stanley, Rachel H. R. and Stevens, Bethany L. F. and Turner, Jefferson T. and McGillicuddy, Dennis J.}
}
@article {hirzel_high_2023,
	title = {High resolution analysis of plankton distributions at the middle atlantic bight shelf-break front},
	journal = {Continental Shelf Research},
	volume = {267},
	year = {2023},
	pages = {105113},
	abstract = {The Middle Atlantic Bight (MAB) is a highly productive ecosystem, supporting several economically important commercial fisheries. Chlorophyll enhancement at the MAB shelf-break front has been observed only intermittently, despite several studies suggesting persistent upwelling at the front. High resolution cross-frontal transects were conducted during three two-week cruises in April 2018, May 2019, and July 2019. Mesoplankton distributions at the front were measured with a Video Plankton Recorder equipped with hydrographic and bio-optical sensors. Zooplankton were also sampled with a Multiple Opening/Closing Net and Environment Sensing System. Each of the three cruises had distinctly different frontal characteristics, with lower variability in frontal position in April 2018 and higher variability in May and July 2019, primarily due to frontal eddies and a Gulf Stream warm core ring, respectively. Eulerian means of all transect crossings within each cruise did not show mean frontal chlorophyll enhancement in April 2018 or July 2019, despite individual crossings showing chlorophyll enhancement in April 2018. Transformation of the April 2018 data into a cross-frontal coordinate system revealed a weak enhancement of chlorophyll and copepods at the front. Mean frontal chlorophyll enhancement was observed in May and was associated with enhancement in the periphery of a frontal eddy rather than the front itself. None of the planktonic categories observed were enhanced at the front in the cross-shelf mean distribution, though diatom chains and copepods were more abundant inshore of the front, particularly in May and July 2019, as well as within the center of a frontal eddy in May. The high variability of the MAB frontal region obscured the impact of ephemeral frontal enhancement in mean observations of April 2018, while frontal eddies contributed to chlorophyll enhancement in mean observations of May 2019. The influence of both argues for the necessity for 3-D models rather than idealized 2-D models to explain frontal behavior and its effects on biological responses.},
	keywords = {Chlorophyll, Eddies, Fronts, Plankton, Shelf-break, Video plankton recorder},
	issn = {0278-4343},
	doi = {10.1016/j.csr.2023.105113},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0278434323001905},
	author = {Hirzel, Andrew J. and Alatalo, Philip and Oliver, Hilde and Petitpas, Christian M. and Turner, Jefferson T. and Zhang, Weifeng (Gordon) and McGillicuddy, Dennis J.}
}
@article {oliver_ephemeral_2022,
	title = {Ephemeral Surface Chlorophyll Enhancement at the New England Shelf Break Driven by Ekman Restratification},
	journal = {JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-OCEANS},
	volume = {127},
	number = {1},
	year = {2022},
	month = {jan},
	pages = {e2021JC017715},
	abstract = {The Mid-Atlantic Bight (MAB) hosts a large and productive marine ecosystem supported by high phytoplankton concentrations. Enhanced surface chlorophyll concentrations at the MAB shelf-break front have been detected in synoptic measurements, yet this feature is not present in seasonal means. To understand why, we assess the conditions associated with enhanced surface chlorophyll at the shelf break. We employ in-situ and remote sensing data, and a 2-dimensional model to show that Ekman restratification driven by upfront winds drives ephemerally enhanced chlorophyll concentrations at the shelf-break front in spring. Using 8-day composite satellite-measured surface chlorophyll concentration data from 2003{\textendash}2020, we constructed a daily running mean (DRM) climatology of the cross-shelf chlorophyll distribution for the northern MAB region. While the frontal enhancement of chlorophyll is apparent in the DRM climatology, it is not captured in the seasonal climatology due to its short duration of less than a week. In-situ measurements of the frontal chlorophyll enhancement reveal that chlorophyll is highest in spring when the shelf-break front slumps offshore from its steep wintertime position causing restratification in the upper part of the water column. Several restratification mechanisms are possible, but the first day of enhanced chlorophyll at the shelf break corresponds to increasing upfront winds, suggesting that the frontal restratification is driven by offshore Ekman transport of the shelf water over the denser slope water. The 2-dimensional model shows that upfront winds can indeed drive Ekman restratification and alleviate light limitation of phytoplankton growth at the shelf-break front.},
	issn = {2169-9275},
	doi = {10.1029/2021JC017715},
	author = {Oliver, Hilde and Zhang, Weifeng Gordon and Archibald, Kevin M. and Hirzel, Andrew J. and Smith, Walker O. and Sosik, Heidi M. and Stanley, Rachel H. R. and McGillicuddy, Jr., Dennis J.}
}
@article {RN238,
	title = {Diatom Hotspots Driven by Western Boundary Current Instability},
	journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
	year = {2021},
	type = {Journal Article},
	abstract = {Climatic changes have decreased the stability of the Gulf Stream (GS), increasing the frequency at which its meanders interact with the Mid-Atlantic Bight (MAB) continental shelf and slope region. These intrusions are thought to suppress biological productivity by transporting low-nutrient water to the otherwise productive shelf edge region. Here we present evidence of widespread, anomalously intense subsurface diatom hotspots in the MAB slope sea that likely resulted from a GS intrusion in July 2019. The hotspots (at \~{}50 m) were associated with water mass properties characteristic of GS water (\~{}100 m); it is probable that the hotspots resulted from the upwelling of GS water during its transport into the slope sea, likely by a GS meander directly intruding onto the continental slope east of where the hotspots were observed. Further work is required to unravel how increasingly frequent direct GS intrusions could influence MAB marine ecosystems.},
	doi = {10.1029/2020gl091943},
	url = {https://app.dimensions.ai/details/publication/pub.1137908537},
	author = {Oliver, Hilde and Zhang, Weifeng G. and Smith, Walker O. and Alatalo, Philip and Chappell, P. Dreux and Hirzel, Andrew J. and Selden, Corday R. and Sosik, Heidi M. and Stanley, Rachel H. R. and Zhu, Yifan and McGillicuddy, Dennis J.}
}
@article {RN274,
	title = {Ephemeral surface chlorophyll enhancement at the New England shelf break driven by Ekman restratification},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research - Oceans},
	year = {2021},
	type = {Journal Article},
	doi = {10.1029/2021jc017715},
	url = {https://app.dimensions.ai/details/publication/pub.1144229542},
	author = {Oliver, Hilde and Zhang, Weifeng Gordon and Archibald, Kevin M. and Hirzel, Andrew J. and Smith, Walker O. and Sosik, Heidi M. and Stanley, Rachel H. R. and McGillicuddy, Dennis J.}
}
@article {RN200,
	title = {A regional, early spring bloom of Phaeocystis pouchetii on the New England continental shelf},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research - Oceans},
	year = {2021},
	type = {Journal Article},
	abstract = {The genus Phaeocystis is distributed globally and has considerable ecological, biogeochemical, and societal impacts. Understanding its distribution, growth and ecological impacts has been limited by lack of extensive observations on appropriate scales. In 2018, we investigated the biological dynamics of the New England continental shelf and encountered a substantial bloom of Phaeocystis pouchetii. Based on satellite imagery during January through April, the bloom extended over broad expanses of the shelf; furthermore, our observations demonstrated that it reached high biomass levels, with maximum chlorophyll concentrations exceeding 16 {\textmu}g L-1 and particulate organic carbon levels > 95 {\textmu}mol L-1. Initially, the bloom was largely confined to waters with temperatures <6{\textdegree}C, which in turn were mostly restricted to shallow areas near the coast. As the bloom progressed, it appeared to sink into the bottom boundary layer; however, enough light and nutrients were available for growth. The bloom was highly productive (net community production integrated through the mixed layer from stations within the bloom averaged 1.16 g C m-2 d-1) and reduced nutrient concentrations considerably. Long-term coastal observations suggest that Phaeocystis blooms occur sporadically in spring on Nantucket Shoals and presumably expand onto the continental shelf. Based on the distribution of Phaeocystis during our study, we suggest that it can have a significant impact on the overall productivity and ecology of the New England shelf during the winter/spring transition.},
	doi = {10.1029/2020jc016856},
	url = {https://app.dimensions.ai/details/publication/pub.1134619519},
	author = {Smith, Walker O. and Zhang, Weifeng and Hirzel, Andrew and Stanley, Rachel M. and Meyer, Meredith G. and Sosik, Heidi and Alatalo, Philip and Oliver, Hilde and Sandwith, Zoe and Crockford, Taylor and Peacock, Emily E. and Mehta, Arshia and McGillicuddy, Dennis J.}
}
